has_not_completed lacks_plasma_membrane_part develops from monocyte classical monocyte intermediate monocyte 2010-10-04T10:52:03Z Intermediate monocytes, also defined as CD14++CD16+ monocytes, constitute one of the three subsets of human monocytes which also include classical and non-classical monocytes. These cells play a crucial role in the physiological function of the immune system and are particularly significant in the human body's response to inflammation and infection. With a diverse array of functions, intermediate monocytes uniquely contribute to the immune response potency by bridging the gap between the classical and non-classical monocyte subsets. Intermediate monocytes exhibit a combined functionality of the two other subsets in terms of their phenotypic characteristics, functional capabilities and gene expression profiles. They express high levels of CD14 (like classical monocytes) and also express CD16 (like non-classical monocytes). These monocytes generally release lower amounts of cytokines compared to classical and non-classical monocytes, but produce the most reactive oxygen species. Intermediate monocytes may also induce T cell proliferation and express high levels of major histocompatibility complex molecules for antigen presentation. The relative number of intermediate monocytes in the bloodstream increases under conditions of severe inflammation and infection, although their roles have not yet been clearly defined. Additionally, some studies reported findings on monocytes with a combined population of intermediate and non-classical monocytes, further complicating the understanding of the function of these cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.) https://cellxgene.cziscience.com/cellguide/CL_0002393 A monocyte that has characteristics of both patrolling and inflammatory monocytes. monocyte differentiation CD19 molecule CD3 epsilon C-C chemokine receptor type 2 membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1