Term IRI Term label Parent term IRI Parent term label Alternative term Definition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000073 sample preparation for assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing study A sample_preparation_for_assay is a protocol_application including material_enrollments and biomaterial_transformations. definition_source: OBI. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002918 Smith degradation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing Selective degradation of polysaccharides by periodate oxidation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002919 hydrazine treatment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing Treatment of a sample with hydrazine. This can be used to prepare samples for glycomics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002920 PNGase A digestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001494 enzyme digestion An enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans from a peptide or protein using the enzyme PNGase A (N-glycosidase A), including those with core α1-3 fucosylation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002921 PNGase F digestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001494 enzyme digestion An enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans from a peptide or protein using the enzyme PNGase F (N-glycosidase F). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002923 high-performance anion-exchange chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001209 anion-exchange chromatography A high-performance liquid chromatography method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and retains anions by positively charged functional groups. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002924 graphitized carbon liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and made from graphitized carbon and the other moves in a definite direction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002925 Fourier transform mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000500 ion trap mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by Fourier transform of a recorded time-domain transient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002926 Orbitrap mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002925 Fourier transform mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured by their oscillations along the centre electrode in an Orbitrap mass analyzer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002927 NMR sample preparation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000073 sample preparation for assay A sample preparation for assay process that includes a series of operations applied to a starting material to prepare an NMR sample for an NMR assay. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000287 fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002415 luminescence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength or time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000004 independent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000002 continuant b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000185 imaging assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay An imaging assay is an assay to produce a picture of an entity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay An assay with the objective to capture information about the presence, concentration or amount of an analyte in the evaluant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000661 ELISA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay ELISA is an assay where an enzyme linked antibody is used to detect a plate bound material in a liquid (the evaluant) utilizing a chemiluminescent reaction. The detected signal is proxy for the concentration of an analyte in the evaluant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000796 purification objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000005 objective specification The objective to separate a material entity into different compositions of which one or more have are purified fractions that contain higher concentration of a desired component, while others contain impurities and are not of interest. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000838 material maintenance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A process with that achieves the objective to maintain some or all of the characteristics of an input material over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material A material entity that is designed to perform a function in a scientific investigation, but is not a reagent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001032 light emission device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A device which has a function to emit light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001042 pump function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function A transfer function where the transfer requires work to move the entity, often against a gradient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001061 microwave synthesis system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A device that is used to apply microwave irradiation to chemical reactions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001138 X-ray source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A device that is used to generate X-rays. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200051 principal components analysis dimensionality reduction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A principal components analysis dimensionality reduction is a dimensionality reduction achieved by applying principal components analysis and by keeping low-order principal components and excluding higher-order ones. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302886 centrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600014 material component separation A process separating molecules by size or density using centrifugal forces generated by a spinning rotor. G-forces of several hundred thousand times gravity are generated in ultracentrifugation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302888 washing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002742 elution Washing is a process by which a material entity acting as contaminant (e.g. excess staining reagent) is removed by application of one or more cycles of solution in flow. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302893 storage http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000838 material maintenance A maintenance process by which material entities that are not actively metabolizing are placed in well identified location and possibly under controlled environment in ad-hoc devices/structures in order to preserve and protect them from decay/alteration and maintain availability. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302912 electroporation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A process in which a significant increase in the electrical conductivity and permeability of the cell plasma membrane caused by an externally applied electrical field. It is usually used in molecular biology as a way of introducing some substance into a cell, such as loading it with a molecular probe, a drug that can change the cell's function, or a piece of coding DNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400064 laser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400065 light source A laser (acronym for light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation) is a light source that emits photons of the same characteristics in a coherent beam. A laser uses a solid, liquid or gaseous lasing medium, that contains molecules, of which some atoms have electrons that emit photons of the same frequency when falling back to their normal orbital after excitation (pumping) by external means A laser is the most common way to irradiate a cell in a flow cytometer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400065 light source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001032 light emission device A light source is an optical subsystem that provides light for use in a distant area using a delivery system (e.g., fiber optics). Light sources may include one of a variety of lamps (e.g., xenon, halogen, mercury). Most light sources are operated from line power, but some may be powered from batteries. They are mostly used in endoscopic, microscopic, and other examination and/or in surgical procedures. The light source is part of the optical subsystem. In a flow cytometer the light source directs high intensity light at particles at the interrogation point. The light source in a flow cytometer is usually a laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600014 material component separation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A material processing in which components of an input material become segregated in space. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002928 temperature-programmed surface reaction spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis Spectroscopy that uses thermal analysis to probe the surface chemistry of heterogeneous catalysts. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002929 divided electrochemical cell http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002351 electrochemical cell An electrochemical cell where the anode and cathode are placed in different vessels requiring the use of a salt bridge, frit or membrane to complete the circuit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002930 undivided electrochemical cell http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002351 electrochemical cell An electrochemical cell where the anode and cathode are placed in the same vessel. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002931 anode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode Electrode at which reduction takes place. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002932 cathode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode Electrode at which oxidation takes place. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002330 thermal chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where a substrate is placed in a heated atmosphere (600–800 °C) and exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001448 thermal reforming http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001444 reforming Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) by exposing the hydrocarbons to high pressures and temperatures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002916 sample solidification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing Material processing in which a liquid or gas transitions into a solid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002917 sample quenching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing Material processing in which a sample is cooled by immersion in a fluid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000001 colorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The determination of the spectral absorbance of a solution. This method is often used to determine the concentration of a chemical in a solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000002 gravimetric sorption analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002739 quantitative determination method The determination of the mass of a gas or vapour adsorbed to a surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000003 electrochemical analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000004 amperometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000003 electrochemical analysis An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000005 chrono-amperometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000004 amperometry An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000006 high-speed chrono-amperometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000005 chrono-amperometry An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. Measurements are taken every 1 to 5 s. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000007 potential step chrono-amperometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000005 chrono-amperometry An electrochemical technique where the time dependence of the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is varied as a step function. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000008 constant potential amperometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000004 amperometry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is held at a constant value (sufficient to oxidize or reduce the sample). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000009 direct current amperometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000004 amperometry An electrochemical technique where the cell direct current is measured whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000010 conductometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000011 high-frequency conductometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000010 conductometry The measurement of the conductance of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with high-frequency alternating current (>0.1 MHz). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000012 coulometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000003 electrochemical analysis An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000013 amperostatic coulometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000012 coulometry An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000014 chrono-coulometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000013 amperostatic coulometry An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the current is held at a constant value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000015 potentiostatic coulometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000012 coulometry An electrochemical technique where the total Coulombs of electricity required to complete (fully oxidise or fully reduce the sample in) an electrochemical reaction is measured whilst the potential of the working electrode is held at a constant value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000016 potentiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000003 electrochemical analysis An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000017 chrono-potentiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000016 potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000018 stripping potentiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000017 chrono-potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000019 anodic stripping potentiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000018 stripping potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-oxidation using either oxidants in the sample or by applying a small constant current, or a combination of both. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000020 cathodic stripping potentiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000018 stripping potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by re-reduction. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000021 controlled-current potentiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000016 potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium and held at a constant (non-zero) value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000022 ion-selective potentiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000016 potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the potential difference between an ion-selective indicator electrode and the reference electrode is measured under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000023 oscillographic potentiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000016 potentiometry An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured using an oscillograph under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000024 voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000003 electrochemical analysis An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000025 cyclic voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000024 voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000026 fast-scan cyclic voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000025 cyclic voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle which repeats approximately every 100 ms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000027 hydrodynamic voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000024 voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current flowing during convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000028 linear-sweep voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000024 voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied linearly and stops at an end point. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000029 pulse voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000024 voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000030 differential pulse voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000029 pulse voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000031 normal pulse voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000029 pulse voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000032 polarography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000024 voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000033 alternating current polarography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000032 polarography An electrochemical technique where the alternating current (ac) component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000034 Kalousek polarography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000033 alternating current polarography An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a small amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000035 square-wave polarography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000033 alternating current polarography An electrochemical technique where the ac component of the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the ac potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The cell current is sampled (only once per drop lifetime) on alternate half cycles and the potential is applied as a large amplitude square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000036 differential pulse polarography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000032 polarography An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000037 normal pulse polarography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000032 polarography An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The potential is varied using pulses of linearly increasing amplitude (one pulse during each drop lifetime) and the current is sampled after each voltage pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000038 oscillo polarography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000032 polarography An *obsolete* electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes using an oscillograph. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000039 tast polarography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000032 polarography An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The working electrode is a dropping mercury (or other liquid conductor) electrode and unstirred solutions are used. The current is sampled only during a specific time interval of the life of each drop of the droppping mercury electrode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000040 square-wave voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000024 voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and the current is measured at the end of each half-wave, just prior to potential change. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000041 stripping voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000024 voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first deposited (usually by electroplating) onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000042 anodic stripping voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000041 stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000043 differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000042 anodic stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential (as a series of voltage pulses of increasing amplitude). During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000044 pseudo polarography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000042 anodic stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. A plot of stripping peak current versus deposition potential resembles a polarogram. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000045 square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000042 anodic stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying an oxidising potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave superimposed on a linear sweep. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000046 adsorptive stripping voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000041 stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first adsorbed onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000047 cathodic stripping voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000041 stripping voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is first electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped' by applying a reducing potential. During removal the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000049 chemical imaging http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000185 imaging assay The simultaneous measurement of spectra and images. A radiation source illuminates the sample and a series of spatially resolved spectra are collected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000050 infrared microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001818 vibrational microscopy The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000051 Fourier transform infrared microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000050 infrared microscopy The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, and are subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000052 near-infrared microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000050 infrared microscopy The collection of spatially resolved near-infrared spectra (0.8 to 2 micrometres) of a sample during microscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000053 imaging mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000049 chemical imaging The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy which are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000054 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation imaging mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000053 imaging mass spectrometry The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where a pulse laser is used to produce both ionisation and vapourisation and the sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of (typically) biomolecules by their molecular masses. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000055 secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000053 imaging mass spectrometry The collection of spatially resolved mass spectra of a sample during microscopy where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The spectra are used to visualise the spatial distribution of compounds by their molecular masses. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000056 Raman microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001818 vibrational microscopy The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000057 luminescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method The detection of luminescence from a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000058 chemiluminescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000057 luminescence detection The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of a chemical reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000059 sonochemiluminescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000058 chemiluminescence detection The detection of chemiluminescence caused the emission of light by tiny bubbles in a liquid excited by sound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000060 fluorescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001257 photoluminescence detection The measurement or detection of luminescence which results from the molecular absorption of a photon which triggers the emission of a photon with a longer wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000061 flow cytometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000060 fluorescence detection A method for analysing microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are individually passed through a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000062 Forster resonance energy transfer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000760 resonance energy transfer A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000063 bioluminescence resonance energy transfer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000062 Forster resonance energy transfer Forster resonance energy transfer in a bioluminescent system, usually between a luciferase (donor) and a green fluorescent protein (acceptor). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000064 fluorescence resonance energy transfer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000062 Forster resonance energy transfer A method for determining the distance between molecules using an energy transfer between two fluorescent chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity (typically <10 nm) via a nonradiative, long-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism. Energy transfer usually occurs between a cyan fluorescent protein (donor) and a yellow fluorescent protein (acceptor). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000065 fluorescence recovery after photobleaching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000060 fluorescence detection A method for determining the mobility of fluorescent molecules by photobleaching a sub-set of the sample during fluorescence microscopy and monitoring the movement of the remaining fluorescent molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000066 time-resolved fluorescence quenching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002406 fluorescence quenching method The measurement of the fluorescence decay time of probes solubilised in micellar surfactant solutions in the presence of quenchers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000067 microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000185 imaging assay Any technique where a microscope is used to view a small object (or specimen) by producing a magnified image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000068 electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000067 microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000069 field-emission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000068 electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by field emission with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000070 low-energy electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000068 electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) low energy (1-100 eV) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000071 spin-polarised low energy electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000070 low-energy electron microscopy Low-energy electron microscopy where a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000072 reflection electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000068 electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The electrons elastically scattered by the specimen are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000073 scanning electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000068 electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000074 field-emission scanning electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000073 scanning electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000075 cold-field-emission scanning electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000074 field-emission scanning electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000076 environmental scanning electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000073 scanning electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen in a gaseous environment and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000077 scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000073 scanning electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across the specimen under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000078 scanning electron acoustic microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000073 scanning electron microscopy Microscopy where a pulsed electron beam is scanned over the surface of the specimen in order to generate elastic waves which are reflected and detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000079 scanning Auger microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000073 scanning electron microscopy Microscopy where a focused electron beam of small diameter is used to produce Auger electrons which are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000068 electron microscopy Electron microscopy where the intensities of the electrons through an electron-transparent specimen are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000081 cryogenic transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002413 cryogenic electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy where the specimen is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000082 energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy where the intensities of transmitted electrons of particular kinetic energies are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000083 freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy where the electron-transparent specimen (normally a fresh tissue or cell suspension) is prepared by rapid freezing using liquid nitrogen, then fractured, and the cold fractured surface is coated with Pt or Au by evaporation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000084 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy where the phase contrast between the transmitted interfering electron waves is used to produce an image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000085 high-voltage transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 700–3000 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000086 scanning transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000087 fluorescence microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000067 microscopy Any type of microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. These specimens are called fluorophores. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000088 fluorescence laser scanning microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000087 fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000089 confocal laser scanning microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000088 fluorescence laser scanning microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface and using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000090 multi-photon laser scanning microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000088 fluorescence laser scanning microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs multiple photons of typically one half to one third of the energy required for single-photon excitation). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000091 fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000087 fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths and the spatial distribution of mean fluorescence lifetimes (usually on the ns scale) is mapped within the microscopic images. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000092 infrared fluorescence microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000087 fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the infra-red region (2.5–16 μm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000093 near-infrared fluorescence microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000092 infrared fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the near infra-red region (0.8–2.5 μm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000094 total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000087 fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen (a fluorophore) can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelength. The light is totally internally reflected to generate an evanescent wave at the glass microscope slide-water interface. The evanescent wave selectively illuminates and excites fluorophores in a restricted region of the specimen allowing fluorophores on the surface to be imaged (normally the fluorescence of surface fluorophores is overwhelmed by background fluorescence). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000095 ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000087 fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the ultra-violet region (4–380 nm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000096 visible fluorescence microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000087 fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with radiation in the visible region (380–750 nm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000097 ion microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000067 microscopy Microscopy where ions are used to produce an image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000098 field ion microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000097 ion microscopy Microscopy where atoms of an inert gas in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000099 atom probe field ion microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000098 field ion microscopy Microscopy where atoms in the vicinty of the specimen (which is in the form of a very sharp tip <10 m diameter) are ionised by the application of a strong electric field to the tip and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. When a sudden voltage pulse is applied to the tip, atoms from the surface of the specimen itself are be ejected and travel down a drift tube where their arrival time (a measure of the mass of the atom) can be determined. This allows the atomic composition of the specimen to be determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000100 helium-ion microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000098 field ion microscopy Microscopy where atoms of He gas in the vicinty of the specimen are ionised and an image is produced by the projection of the ions onto a fluorescent screen. The image consists of a pattern of spots of light which correspond to individual atoms on the specimen surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000101 scanning ion microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000097 ion microscopy Microscopy where an ion beam is scanned over the specimen surface and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000102 optical microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000067 microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light and a system of lenses is used to produce an image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000103 confocal microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000102 optical microscopy Microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000104 bright-field microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000102 optical microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000105 comparison light microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000102 optical microscopy Microscopy where two specimens can be compared by illuminating them with visible light using two identical sets of microscope lenses which are linked by an optical bridge. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000106 optical interference microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000102 optical microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000107 differential interference contrast microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000106 optical interference microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with polarised visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000108 low coherence interference microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000106 optical interference microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the height of the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000109 coherence probe microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000108 low coherence interference microscopy Microscopy where the surface of the specimen is illuminated with short-coherence length visible light split into two beams, which then interfere to produce fringes whose spacing is proportional to the profile of the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000110 phase contrast microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000102 optical microscopy Microscopy where a transparent specimen is illuminated with visible light and small phase shifts in the light passing through the specimen are used to produce an image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000111 polarising light microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000102 optical microscopy Microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000112 scanning probe microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000067 microscopy Microscopy which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen and measure some form of interaction between surface and probe. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000113 atomic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000112 scanning probe microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000114 piezoresponse force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000113 atomic force microscopy Microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000115 magnetic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000113 atomic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp magnetic spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the magnetic force experienced by it as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000116 photonic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000112 scanning probe microscopy Microscopy where optical tweezers are used to trap a small fluorescent latex bead which is then scanned across biological specimens in aqueous solution. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the bead in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the fluorescence intensity as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the bead and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000117 scanning capacitance microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000112 scanning probe microscopy Microscopy which uses a small electrode to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the electrostatic capacitance of the surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the electrode and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000118 scanning near-field microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000112 scanning probe microscopy Any type of microscopy where a probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000119 photon scanning tunnelling microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000118 scanning near-field microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with a near-field of photons. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving an optical fibre probe in a raster scan over the specimen, line by line, and detecting any photons which tunnel from the specimen to the probe as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the optical fibre probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000120 scanning near-field optical microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000118 scanning near-field microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000121 fluorescence scanning near-field optical microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000120 scanning near-field optical microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser of a specific wavelength transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) light is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the fluorescence intensity from fluorophores on the surface of the specimen as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000122 infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000120 scanning near-field optical microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) infrared radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50–100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the infrared near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000123 microwave scanning near-field microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000120 scanning near-field optical microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of a microwave radiation source transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The tip is coated with metal (to prevent light from escaping from the sides) and near-field (or evanescent field) microwave radiation is emitted through a small opening or 'aperture' (50-100 nm in diameter) at the apex of the probe. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the disturbance of the microwave near-field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000124 apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000118 scanning near-field microscopy Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp metallic probe producing a confined light field very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattering of the incident light by the probe as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000125 scanning plasmon near-field microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000124 apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy Microscopy where a laser spot is focused on a solid sharp noble metal probe very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen. The laser spot excites plasmons at the probe-surface interface and an image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the electromagnetic field as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000126 scanning near-field thermal microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000118 scanning near-field microscopy Microscopy where a thermocouple probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the thermocouple probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the surface–probe heat transfer as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000127 scanning electrochemical microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000112 scanning probe microscopy Microscopy where an electrode probe is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). The surface is mechanically scanned by the electrode in a raster scan and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant electrical conductance between the electrode and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000128 scanning ion conductance microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000112 scanning probe microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of a glass nano- or micro- pipette filled with electrolyte is positioned very close to (in the near-field of) a specimen which is held in an oppositely charge electrolyte. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the pipette in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the ion conductance as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000129 scanning probe acoustic microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000112 scanning probe microscopy Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is scanned over the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or the amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000130 scanning near-field acoustic microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000129 scanning probe acoustic microscopy Microscopy where a probe vibrating at its resonant frequency is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field). An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the resonant frequency (or amplitude of vibration) of the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000131 scanning thermal microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000112 scanning probe microscopy Microscopy where an Wollaston wire probe is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the height required by a feedback loop in order to maintain a constant temperature between the probe and the specimen is recorded as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000132 scanning tunnelling microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000112 scanning probe microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp conducting probe (or 'tip') held very close (1 nm) to the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and specimen which causes a tunnelling current to flow. An image is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the tunnelling current as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000133 thermal lens microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000067 microscopy Microscopy where an excitation laser and a probe laser are focused onto a specimen forming a refractive index distribution which results in a concave excitation beam. The strength of this lens is proportional to the sample concentration and is detected by a change in transmittance in the probe beam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000134 ultra-violet thermal lens microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000133 thermal lens microscopy Thermal lens microscopy where the excitation laser is an ultraviolet laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000135 profilometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000185 imaging assay The measurement of the profile of a surface in order to quantify its roughness. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000136 contact profilometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000135 profilometry A method where the profile of a surface is determined by moving a diamond stylus laterally across it at a specified contact force and measuring its vertical displacement. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000137 optical profilometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000135 profilometry A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any interference contains information about the contours of the surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000138 Fourier profilometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000137 optical profilometry A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined a Fourier transform is applied to the phase of the interference pattern which contains information about the contours of the surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000139 phase profilometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000137 optical profilometry A method where the profile of a surface is determined by illuminating the sample with a beam of light which has been split into two paths, one of which is directed at the sample and the other at a reference mirror. When the reflections are recombined any distortions of periodic shadows due to interference contain information about the contours of the surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000140 reciprocal-space method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay Any detection or measurement method for a set of points in reciprocal space. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000141 diffraction method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000140 reciprocal-space method Any detection or measurement method where the structure of a crystal or molecule can be determined by directing a beam of particles or radiation at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000142 electron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000141 diffraction method A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000143 electron backscatter diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000142 electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of electrons at the sample (the energies of which are controlled by their acceleration voltage) and recording the resulting diffraction pattern of any backscattered electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000144 high energy electron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000142 electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000145 transmission high energy electron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000144 high energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000146 reflection high energy electron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000144 high energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any reflected or elastically scattered electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000147 low energy electron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000142 electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000148 convergent beam low energy electron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000147 low energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a highly convergent beam (nm diameter) of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000149 elastic low energy electron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000147 low energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any elastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is conserved) electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000150 inelastic low energy electron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000147 low energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of low energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any inelastically scattered (scattering where kinetic energy is not conserved) electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000151 transmission low energy electron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000147 low energy electron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (<500 eV) electrons at the sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000152 photoelectron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000142 electron diffraction A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at the sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000153 aziμthal photoelectron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000152 photoelectron diffraction A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are determined as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000154 normal photoelectron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000152 photoelectron diffraction A method for determining structure during photoelectron spectroscopy. Photons are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons at 90° from the surface are recorded. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000155 X-ray photoelectron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000152 photoelectron diffraction A method for determining structure during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. X-rays are directed at a sample and diffraction patterns resulting from the emission of electrons are recorded. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000141 diffraction method A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000157 in situ micro-X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001137 in situ X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated in microstructural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000158 powder X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000159 single crystal X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a single crystal sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Single crystal X-ray diffraction is used for protein crystallography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000160 scattering method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000140 reciprocal-space method Any detection or measurement method where reciprocal space structure can be determined by measuring the change in direction or energy of incident particles or radiation scattered by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000161 alpha-particle scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000160 scattering method A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered alpha-particles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000162 atom scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000160 scattering method A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered atoms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000163 inelastic atom scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000162 atom scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction and energy of scattered He atoms. The He atoms suffer energy loss upon scattering by colliding inelastically with surfaces leading to the absorption or emission of surface phonons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000164 electron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a surface and the energy and position of the scattered electrons is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000165 nanowire electron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000164 electron scattering Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is scattered by a sample supported on a nano-sized wire (such as a carbon nanotube) and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon scattering is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000166 light scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000160 scattering method A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000167 dynamic light scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000166 light scattering A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000168 multi-angle light scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000166 light scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light at a number of different angles, none of which are close to the angle of incidence of the light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000169 Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000166 light scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000170 interferometric Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000169 Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light which has been passed through an inferometer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000171 hyper Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000169 Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining the structure of a liquid sample by measuring the change in direction or energy of hyper-Rayleigh scattered visible light (scattering where photons from the incident laser–-with frequency –-are scattered into photons of the second harmonic–-photons with frequency 2). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000172 non-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000169 Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light does not correspond to any absorption bands in the scattering molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000173 near-resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000169 Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an energy which is near to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000174 resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000169 Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000175 time-resolved resonance Rayleigh scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000174 resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of Rayleigh scattered visible light, as a function of time, where the wavelength of the incident light corresponds to an absorption band in the scattering molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000176 forced Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000169 Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample and a further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating. The change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000177 thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000176 forced Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of two laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000178 infrared thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000177 thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering A method for determining structure where a grating created by the interference of infrared laser beams is written into a sample which contains a small amount of dye. The intensity grating is converted into a temperature grating which, in turn, causes a concentration grating by thermal diffusion. A further infrared laser beam is Rayleigh scattered by the grating and the change in direction or energy of the light and the temporal evolution of the scattered beam are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000179 small-angle light scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000166 light scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of visible light scattered at a small angle (0.1–10°) to the incident light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000180 static light scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000166 light scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the total or time-averaged scattering intensity of scattered visible light as a function of angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000181 neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000160 scattering method A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and the intensity of the scattering is given by the scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(pi/2). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000182 coherent neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000181 neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is conserved. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000183 elastic neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000181 neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000184 small-angle neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000181 neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at small angles (corresponding to a scattering vector Q = (4/)sin(\pi/2) = 0.005–0.2 inverse degrees). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000185 grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000184 small-angle neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of neutrons scattered at low angles. The incident neutron beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external neutron reflection. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000186 ultra small angle neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000184 small-angle neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at ultra-small angles (corresponding to Q = 0.000003–0.01 inverse degrees). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000187 wide angle neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000181 neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons at wide angles (corresponding to Q >1 inverse degrees). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000188 incoherent neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000181 neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample and phase is not conserved. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000189 elastic incoherent neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000188 incoherent neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000190 quasi-elastic neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000189 elastic incoherent neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in a liquid sample which is in thermal motion. Phase is not conserved and although the neutrons retain all of their kinetic energy during collisions, the thermal motion of the sample causes a broadening of the energy range of the scattered neutrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000191 inelastic incoherent neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000188 incoherent neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, phase is not conserved and the neutrons suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000192 inelastic neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000181 neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000193 neutron backscattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000192 inelastic neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of backscattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000194 neutron time-of-flight scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000192 inelastic neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered neutrons and the time since the indicent pulse ('time-of-flight') for each neutron. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000195 triple-axis neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000192 inelastic neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction, energy and momentum of scattered neutrons. Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei in the sample, and suffer a loss of kinetic energy during collisions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000196 spin-echo neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000181 neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000197 spin-echo small angle neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000196 spin-echo neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000198 magnetic spin-echo small angle neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000196 spin-echo neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at small angles by a magnetic sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000199 spin-echo wide angle neutron scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000196 spin-echo neutron scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the velocity of neutrons in known magnetic fields before and after scattering at wide angles by the sample. The neutrons are scattered by the interaction of neutron spin with spins in the sample ('spin echo'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000200 X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000160 scattering method A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000201 inelastic X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000200 X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000202 resonant inelastic X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000201 inelastic X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000203 angle-resolved resonant X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000202 resonant inelastic X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the energy loss of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of emission angle, where the incident X-ray energy is chosen to coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000204 small-angle X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000200 X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000205 grazing-incidence X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000204 small-angle X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample under a small angle close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000206 ultra-small angle X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000204 small-angle X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at ultra-low angles (corresponding to Q = 0.00005–0.005 inverse°). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000207 wide-angle X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000200 X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10°). Wide-angle X-ray scattering is used for determining the structure of polymers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000208 reflection method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay Any method for determining structure where the change in direction or intensity of reflected radiation or particles is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000209 reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000208 reflection method Any method for determining structure by directing a beam of particles or X-rays onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected radiation as a function of angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000210 neutron reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000209 reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000211 optical reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000209 reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the reflected light as a function of angle. The reflected light has two polarised components, s (perpendicular) and p (parallel). The reflectivity of s-polarised light depends on the angle of incidence, but the reflectivity of p-polarised light vanishes at the Brewster angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000212 fixed angle reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000211 optical reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of the light reflected at the Brewster angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000213 optical coherence-domain reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000212 fixed angle reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000214 optical frequency-domain reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000213 optical coherence-domain reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with light from a pulsed laser and interfering the light reflected from the sample at the Brewster angle with light reflected from a reference mirror. Intereference only occurs when the difference in the optical path lengths between the two mirrors is within the coherence length of the optical source. The frequency of the laser pulse is proportional to the time delay between each of the signals returning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000215 optical time-domain reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000212 fixed angle reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000216 polarisation optical time-domain reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000215 optical time-domain reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing an optical pulse through an optical fibre and measuring the polarisation state of light reflected at the Brewster angle as a function of time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000217 stagnation point adsorption reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000212 fixed angle reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and monitoring the intensity of light reflected at the Brewster angle during the adsorption of particles on the surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000218 scanning angle reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000211 optical reflectometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an extremely flat surface with visible light and measuring the intensity of light reflected at different angles around the Brewster angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000219 X-ray reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000209 reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000220 diffuse X-ray reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000219 X-ray reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta minus omega to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo diffuse reflection (and are emitted at angle theta plus omega from the surface). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000221 relative X-ray reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000219 X-ray reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at a grazing angle) and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000222 specular X-ray reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000219 X-ray reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at an extremely flat surface (at angle theta to the surface) and measuring the intensity of the X-rays which undergo specular reflection (and are emitted at angle theta from the surface). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000223 ellipsometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000779 polarimetry Any method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000224 single-wavelength ellipsometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000223 ellipsometry A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a monochromatic light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000225 spectroscopic ellipsometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000223 ellipsometry A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous-wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000226 infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000225 spectroscopic ellipsometry A method for determining structure by illuminating a sample with a continuous infrared wavelength light source and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000227 magneto-optic generalised ellipsometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000226 infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry A method for determining structure by illuminating an anisotropic sample with a continous infrared wavelength light source in a magnetic field and measuring the intensity and change in polarisation of the reflected light as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The study of the interaction of a sample with radiation or particles for measurement or detection. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000229 acoustic emission spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectrometry where the noise generated by the movement of bubbles or particles is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000230 alpha-particle spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectrometry where the alpha-particles (or 4He nuclei) spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000232 electronic spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Any spectroscopic method which probes the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000233 atomic spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000232 electronic spectroscopy Any spectroscopic technique which is based upon the ability of atoms to absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation. In atomic spectroscopy the sample is vaporised and then atomised. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000234 atomic absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000233 atomic spectroscopy A type of atomic spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000235 atomic absorption glow-discharge spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000234 atomic absorption spectroscopy A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to atomise the sample before it absorbs ultra-violet or visible light atoms at characteristic wavelengths. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000236 cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000234 atomic absorption spectroscopy A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000237 electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000234 atomic absorption spectroscopy A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000238 capillary electrophoresis-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000237 electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry A method where a liquid sample is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, then vaporised and atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The sample is then analysed by illuminating it with ultraviolet or visible light which is absorbed by the non-excited atoms at characteristic wavelengths. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000239 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000237 electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000240 slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000239 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is ground into a fine powder and suspensed in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3 to form a 'slurry'. The sample is then atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000241 solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000239 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000242 quartz tube atomic absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000237 electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where a solid sample is atomised by placing it in a small quartz tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000243 flame atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000234 atomic absorption spectroscopy A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100–2800 \degC. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000244 thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000237 electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000245 flow injection thermospray flame furnace absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000244 thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and forced through a heated metal capillary tip before atomisation in a flame furnace. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000246 flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000234 atomic absorption spectroscopy A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to transfer a sample to the spectrometer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000247 flow injection electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000246 flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a sample to an electrothermal atomiser where it is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000248 flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000246 flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where flow injection is used to carry a gas phase sample to flame where it is atomised. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000249 hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000234 atomic absorption spectroscopy A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where metal samples such as As, Sb and Se are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000250 line-source atomic absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000234 atomic absorption spectroscopy A type of atomic absorption spectrometry using a line source of radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000251 atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000233 atomic spectroscopy A type of atomic spectroscopy where the atoms in the sample are excited and the emission of electromagnetic radiation at characteristic wavelengths is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000252 electrothermal atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000251 atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000253 graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000252 electrothermal atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000254 furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000253 graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000255 flame atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000251 atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited using an N2/oxide–acetylene flame. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000256 glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000251 atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000257 laser-induced atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000251 atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a laser pulse is used as the excitation source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000258 laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000257 laser-induced atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000259 femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000258 laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy femtosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000260 laser-induced shock wave plasma spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000258 laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. A second laser pulse then illuminates the sample resulting in a reheating of the laser plasma produced by the first pulse, leading to signal enhancement. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000261 micro laser-induced breakdown atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000258 laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000262 nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000258 laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy nanosecond laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000263 plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000251 atomic emission spectroscopy Any type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma is used as the excitation source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000264 capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000263 plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000265 direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000263 plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes is used as the excitation source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000266 furnace atomisation plasma emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000285 plasma atomic fluorescence spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a furnace is used to atomise the sample and a plasma is used as the excitation source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000267 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000263 plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used as the excitation source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000268 hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000267 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Atomic emission spectrometry of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se that are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides and excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000269 laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000267 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000270 laser microprobe inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000269 laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by laser ablation with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000271 liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001004 liquid chromatography Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy where the sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000272 nebulisation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000267 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Inductively-coupled atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets using compressed air. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000273 ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000272 nebulisation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets (using high frequency vibrations) and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000274 solid phase extraction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000267 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000275 flow injection solid phase extraction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000274 solid phase extraction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by solid phase extraction, carried to the spectrometer by flow injection and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic inductance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000276 metastable transfer emission spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000263 plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where atoms are excited by energy transfer from metastable N2 species in a nitrogen plasma. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000277 microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000263 plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Atomic emission spectrometry where a plasma generated by microwave bombardment is used as the excitation source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000278 spark atomic emission spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000251 atomic emission spectroscopy Atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is excited by an arc or spark between two electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000279 atomic fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000233 atomic spectroscopy Atomic spectroscopy where an atom absorbs then spontaneously emits a photon. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000280 cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000279 atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where no vaporisation step is required because the sample is a volatile heavy metal such as mercury, which is a vapour at room temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000281 electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000279 atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000282 flame atomic fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000279 atomic fluorescence spectroscopy A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where the sample is atomised using a flame. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000283 hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000279 atomic fluorescence spectroscopy A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy of metal samples such as As, Sb and Se which are vaporised by converting them into volatile hydrides. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000284 laser-enhanced atomic fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000279 atomic fluorescence spectroscopy A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a laser is used to excite the atoms in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000285 plasma atomic fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000279 atomic fluorescence spectroscopy A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma is used to excite the atoms in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000286 inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000285 plasma atomic fluorescence spectroscopy A type of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy where a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction is used to excite the atoms in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000288 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000287 fluorescence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000289 fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000288 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at two distinct wavelengths and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000290 fluorescence anisotropy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000060 fluorescence detection A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarised light and the polarization of the fluorescence is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000291 spectrophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000232 electronic spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1–2.5 μm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000292 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000291 spectrophotometry Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190-800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000293 differential optical absorption spectrophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000292 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy where the difference between incident and transmitted radiation is measured for a gaseous sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000294 reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000292 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of radiation from the sample surface is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000295 equimolar spectrophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000291 spectrophotometry A method where the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1-2.5 μm) is used to calculate stability constants by equimolar dilution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000296 vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001253 ultraviolet spectrophotometry Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region (0.1-200 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000297 X-ray spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of X-rays is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000298 X-ray absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000297 X-ray spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. When the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron in an atom there is a decrease in the intensity of transmitted X-rays resulting in an absorption edge. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000299 X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000298 X-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000300 extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000299 X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000301 quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000300 extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. A monochromator is scanned continuously and rapidly around the absorption edge resulting in measurement times of seconds (normal EXAFS measurements take minutes). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000302 reflection extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000300 extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000303 surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000300 extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient and the Auger emission of the sample are measured 500–1000 eV below the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) as a function of incident X-ray energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000304 total-reflection X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000299 X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient around the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are measured as a function of incident X-ray energy. Measurements are taken under total reflection conditions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000305 near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000299 X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy where changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron) are determined as a function of incident X-ray energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000306 X-ray microprobe spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000298 X-ray absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused X-ray beam (<10 m diameter) and the X-ray absorption coefficient of the sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000307 X-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000297 X-ray spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays or particles and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000308 alpha-particle X-ray spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000307 X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with alpha-particles and the energies of the backscattered alpha-particles and X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000309 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000307 X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000310 non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000307 X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with incident X-rays of a wavelength which does not correspond to a specific electronic transition within the atoms of the sample, and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000311 particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000307 X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy particles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000312 microbeam particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000311 particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of high-energy particles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000313 electron probe X-ray microanalysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000312 microbeam particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding a flat polished sample with a finely focused (<10 μm diameter) beam of electrons which results in the ionisation of the inner shells of sample atoms. The decay of the ionised states results in the emission of characteristic X-rays. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000314 wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000307 X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a diffraction grating or crystal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000315 X-ray microemission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000307 X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) X-ray beam and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000316 soft X-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000307 X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with low energy X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000317 ultra soft X-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000316 soft X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with ultra-low energy (<1 keV) X-rays and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to valence-to-core transitions are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000318 synchrotron radiation excited X-ray spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000297 X-ray spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation is generated in a synchrotron and the energies and intensities of the emitted X-rays are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000319 X-ray reflection spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000297 X-ray spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of reflected X-rays are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000320 total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000319 X-ray reflection spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays and the energies of totally reflected X-rays are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000321 beta-particle spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the beta-particles spontaneously emitted from radioisotopes are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000322 liquid scintillation counting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000321 beta-particle spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the spontaneous emission of a beta-particle produces a flash of light (known as a 'scintillation') which is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000323 circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000775 dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000324 fluorescence detected circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000323 circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000325 magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000323 circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000326 X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000325 magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised X-ray radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000327 vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000323 circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised infrared radiation during a vibrational transition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000328 electron spin resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000743 electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000329 continuous-wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000328 electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field is measured as a function of the frequency of a periodic perturbation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000328 electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the absorption or emission of electrons is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000332 appearance potential spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the appearance of relaxation products (Auger electrons or X-rays) or by a change in the electron beam current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000333 Auger electron appearance potential spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000332 appearance potential spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden increase in secondary electron current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000334 disappearance potential spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000332 appearance potential spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden disappearance of electrons from the beam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000335 electron appearance potential fine structure analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000332 appearance potential spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by a sudden change in the electron beam current. The fine structure close to the threshold is analysed by measuring the change in electron beam current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000336 total current spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000332 appearance potential spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is determined by measuring the total electron current incident on the sample target. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000337 X-ray appearance potential spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000332 appearance potential spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of soft X-ray fluorescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000338 X-ray excited electron appearance potential spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000332 appearance potential spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with an electron beam and the energy threshold for excitation is indicated by the sudden appearance of peaks in the photoelectron spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000339 Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a high energy photon ionises a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron and the energy of the Auger electron is detected as a function of incident photon energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000340 angular dependent Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000339 Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000341 resonant Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000339 Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000342 angle-resolved resonant Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000341 resonant Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The wavelength of the incident photons is scanned over an absorption edge in the sample and the Auger electrons emitted are detected as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000343 Auger electron partial yield spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000339 Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. Only the Auger electrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000344 electron-excited Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000339 Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where electron bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electron and the energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000345 electron microprobe Auger spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000344 electron-excited Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where bombardment of a sample with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of electrons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident electron energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000346 ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000339 Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident ion energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000347 He+-excited Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000346 ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with He+ ions results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident He+ ion energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000348 proton-induced Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000346 ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with protons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident proton energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000349 angle-resolved ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000346 ion-excited Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where ion bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000350 scanning Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000339 Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a high-energy photon beam is scanned over the surface of a sample resulting in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000351 spin-polarised Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000339 Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of incident photon energy and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000352 spin-polarised angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000351 spin-polarised Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with high-energy photons results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons. The energies of these Auger electrons are detected as a function of emission angle and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the emitting surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000353 X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000339 Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where X-ray bombardment of a sample results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected as a function of incident X-ray energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000354 continuous X-ray-induced Auger electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000353 X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the bombardment of a sample with a continuous X-ray source (X-rays generated when electrons, or other high energy charged particles such as protons or alpha-particles, lose energy whilst passing through the Coulomb field of a nucleus) results in the ionisation of core electrons and the emission of so-called 'Auger' electrons, which are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000355 electron coincidence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) originating from a single event, such as an ionisation, are detected as a function of energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000356 Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000355 electron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with X-rays resulting in the emission of photoelectrons and 'Auger' electrons which are detected as a function of energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000357 electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000355 electron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000358 angle-resolved electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000357 electron-electron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000359 electron-electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000355 electron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000360 angle-resolved electron-electron ion coincidence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000359 electron-electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and a pair of electrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000361 electron-ion coincidence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000355 electron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of an ion and an electron which are detected as a function of energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000362 metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000355 electron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of two or more particles (electrons, photons or ions) which are detected as a function of energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000363 resonance-ionisation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000362 metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by resonant ionisation) and an Auger electron. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000364 surface Penning-ionisation electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000362 metastable-quenched electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with metastable atoms resulting in the emission of an electron (by Penning ionisation) and an Auger electron. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000365 photoion-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000355 electron coincidence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with high-energy photons resulting in the emission of a photoelectron and its corresponding ion which are detected as a function of energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000366 electron energy loss spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies (50–200 eV) interacts with a surface and the energy loss (0.005–100 eV) the electrons suffer as a result of the interaction is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000367 characteristic energy-loss spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000366 electron energy loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the number of electrons with a given characteristic energy loss is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000368 extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000366 electron energy loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000369 surface extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000368 extended electron energy loss fine structure spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, extended range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the Auger emission is measured. Measurements are taken from the absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000370 high-resolution energy loss spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000366 electron energy loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the small energy loss (0.02–1 eV) the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000371 ionisation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000366 electron energy loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the loss in energy of electrons produced by ionisation is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000372 low-energy electron loss spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000366 electron energy loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of low kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and the energy loss the electrons suffer upon reflection is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000373 transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000366 electron energy loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is transmitted through a sample and the energy distribution of the transmitted electrons is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000374 vibrational electron energy loss spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000366 electron energy loss spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies is reflected by a surface and energy loss the electrons suffer (corresponding to vibrational modes in the sample) is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000375 field-emission electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000376 field-emission electron spin-polarization spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000375 field-emission electron spectroscopy Any type of electron spectroscopy where electrons are emitted from a cathode by application of an intense electric field and a magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the sample surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000377 inverse photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons and the photons emitted are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000378 bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000377 inverse photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000379 angle-resolved bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000378 bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000380 momentum-resolved bremsstrahlung spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000378 bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of photon momentum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000381 ultraviolet bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000378 bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the ultraviolet region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000382 X-ray bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000378 bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation in the X-ray region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000383 k-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000377 inverse photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation which is detected as a function of the vector k (where k is the difference between the wave vectors of the incident and scattered radiation). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000384 spin-polarised inverse photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000377 inverse photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a magnetised ferromagnetic sample is bombarded with electrons of a specific spin polarisation which decay in unoccupied states emitting bremsstrahlung radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000385 metastable de-excitation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000386 spin-polarized metastable de-excitation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000385 metastable de-excitation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where energy transfer from a metastable atom in close proximity to (~5 ) the sample gives rise to a characteristic ejected electron energy spectrum. A magnet is used to align all the electron spins parallel to the surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons is usually greater than the ionisation energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000388 angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000389 depth-selective photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with gamma-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000390 photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of energy. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000391 angle-resolved photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000390 photoelectron extended fine structure spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. The spectrum is recorded over an extended energy range, from the photon absorption edge onset to several hundred eV above it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000392 photoelectron microspectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000393 extreme ultraviolet photoelectron microspectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000392 photoelectron microspectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m) extreme ultraviolet (10–121 nm) photon beam causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000394 synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000395 angle-resolved synchotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000394 synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000396 constant-final-state spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000394 synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted to a specific conduction band is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000397 constant-initial-state spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000394 synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy distribution of electrons which have been promoted from a specific valence band is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000398 photoelectron yield spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000394 synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All photoelectrons emitted at a particular photon energy are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000399 partial-yield spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000394 synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. All of the photoelectrons emitted within a certain energy interval are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000400 resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000394 synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation (X-ray–ultraviolet) generated in a synchrotron causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons. The energy of the incoming photons is adjusted such that it coincides with an electronic transition of the molecule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000401 ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000402 angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000401 ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with ultraviolet (10–400 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000403 vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet (10–20 nm) photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000404 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000405 angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000404 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, which are detected as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000406 high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000404 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000407 soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000404 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000408 high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000407 soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with monochromatic 'soft' (<300 eV) X-rays causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000409 valence-shell photoionisation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation of the valence shell and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000410 zero kinetic energy electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident photons matches the ionisation energy of the sample so emitted electrons have zero kinetic energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000411 secondary electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000412 angle-resolved secondary electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected as a function of emission angle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000413 spin-polarised secondary electron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000331 electron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where primary electrons interact with a sample and the electrons emitted as a result of the interaction (secondary electrons) are detected. A magnet is used to align all electron spins parallel to the surface of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000414 gamma-ray spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energies of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000415 particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000414 gamma-ray spectroscopy A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where the gamma-rays are produced by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000416 gamma-ray scattering spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000414 gamma-ray spectroscopy Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of an electron and the emission of light which is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000414 gamma-ray spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000418 depth-selective Mossbauer spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where gamma-rays are absorbed by a sample resulting in the ejection of conversion electrons, the energy distribution of which is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000419 nuclear spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000414 gamma-ray spectroscopy A type of gamma-ray emission spectroscopy where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000420 nuclear activation analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001224 activation analysis A type of activation analysis where atomic nuclei are excited (by a heavy ion beam or by collision with another nucleus) and their decaying gamma-ray emissions are measured and compared to reference spectra. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000421 impedance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation is measured as a function of frequency. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000422 alternating current impedance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000421 impedance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during excitation with an alternating-current voltage is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000423 electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000421 impedance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000424 laser-induced impedance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000421 impedance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of a sample during laser excitation is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000425 ion spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the absorption of emission of ions is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000426 ion-beam spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000425 ion spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000427 direct recoil spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000426 ion-beam spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a focused beam of ions is directed at a sample causes binary collisions with surface molecules which result in molecular decomposition and the emission of atoms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000428 ion microprobe spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000426 ion-beam spectroscopy Spectrocsopy where a finely focused (<10 m diameter) beam of ions is directed at a sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000429 low-energy radioactive ion-beam spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000426 ion-beam spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a focused beam of proton is directed at a uranium sample and the secondary ions emitted are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000430 ion mobility spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000425 ion spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000431 differential mobility spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000430 ion mobility spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. A radio frequency voltage forces the ions to oscillate between two electrodes causing some ions to be transmitted while others collide with the walls of the electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000432 drift tube ion mobility spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000430 ion mobility spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the velocity of gas phase ions in an electric field is measured. The ions are gated into a region of constant electric field strength and the ions with highest mobility arrive at the detector first. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000433 ion scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000160 scattering method A method for determining structure where the sample is bombarded with ions (100–1000 eV) and the energies and positions of the scattered ions are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000434 Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000433 ion scattering Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with He+ or H+ ions (500–1500 eV) and the energies and positions of any backscattered ions are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000435 laser spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000436 laser absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000435 laser spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption of light by the sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000437 direct laser absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000436 laser absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and light absorption is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000438 collinear laser spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000437 direct laser absorption spectroscopy Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of particles (atoms or ions) which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000439 collinear fast atom-beam spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000438 collinear laser spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of atoms which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000440 collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000438 collinear laser spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of an accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000441 collinear fast ion-beam laser spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000440 collinear laser ion-beam spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is in the form of a high-speed accelerated beam of ions which is superimposed on a resonant laser beam (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample) and light absorption is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000442 tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000437 direct laser absorption spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where a diode laser is tuned to a specific absorption line of interest in the sample and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000443 laser electric resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000437 direct laser absorption spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where a fixed-wavelength infrared or ultraviolet laser is used to excite the sample which is placed in an electric field. By varying the strength of the applied electric field some vibrational–rotational transitions can be made to coincide with the laser wavelength and the absorption of the laser light is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000444 frequency modulation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000437 direct laser absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser which is tuned to match an absorption frequency of the molecules in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000445 indirect laser absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000436 laser absorption spectroscopy Any type of laser spectroscopy where an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000446 intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000445 indirect laser absorption spectroscopy Any type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside the laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000447 cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000446 intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000448 optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000447 cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a v-shaped optical cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The laser light is allowed to feed back to the laser diode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000449 super continuum cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000447 cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of a supercontinuum light source is detected. The light source is tuned to match the frequency of the cavity bandwidth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000450 cavity ring-down spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000446 intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is placed inside a highly reflective laser cavity and an effect induced by the absorption of laser light is detected. The decay time for light exiting the cavity is determined as a function of pulsed laser wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000451 concentration modulated absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000445 indirect laser absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a pump laser is used to excite a chromophore and the transmitted power of a probe laser is used to determine the state concentration (excited vs. non-excited) of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000452 laser dissociation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000445 indirect laser absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000453 multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000452 laser dissociation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000454 resonance enhanced multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000453 multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of two or more high-energy photons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000455 resonance ion dissociation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000452 laser dissociation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a sample in the form of ions is illuminated with a resonant laser (a laser which is tuned to match a transition within the sample) and molecules in the sample dissociate following the absorption of one or more high-energy photons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000456 laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000445 indirect laser absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser causing molecules in the sample to be electronically excited. The photons emitted as a result of the decay of the molecules back down to the ground state are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000457 thermal lens spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000445 indirect laser absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after laser light absorption is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000458 visible thermal lens spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000457 thermal lens spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after visible laser light absorption is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000459 ultraviolet thermal lens spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000457 thermal lens spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy generated by nonradiative thermal relaxation after ultraviolet laser light absorption is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000460 laser emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000435 laser spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with an ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000461 laser micro emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000460 laser emission spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a thermally-excited vapour sample is illuminated with a finely focused (<10 m diameter) ultraviolet or visible laser and the photon emission spectrum of the sample is observed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000462 laser ionisation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000435 laser spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000463 resonance ionisation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000462 laser ionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and photoexcitation is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000464 laser-enhanced ionisation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000463 resonance ionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where resonant laser illumination (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) is used to ehanced the collisional ionisation of atoms (or molecules) occurring in a flame. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000465 laser multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000462 laser ionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with a laser and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000466 resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000465 laser multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a sample is illuminated with resonant laser light (using a laser which is tuned to match an electronic transitions within the sample) and photoexcitation (by the absorption of two or more photons) is used to promote an atom or molecule above its ionisation potential to create an ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000467 laser microprobe spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000435 laser spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000468 resonance-enhanced laser microprobe spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000467 laser microprobe spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more finely focused (<10 m diameter) resonant laser beams (lasers which have been tuned to match an electronic transition within the sample) and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000469 optogalvanic spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the current passing through a gas discharge is monitored as a laser light source is tuned through the frequencies of allowed transitions for excited atoms in the discharge. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectrometry where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000471 acceleration mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000472 chemical ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000473 atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000472 chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation with electrons from a radioactive beta-source or a corona discharge. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000474 desorption chemical ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000472 chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is dissolved in a volatile solvent and dropped onto a heated filament before being ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000475 negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000472 chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous anions at low pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000476 positive ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000472 chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with reagent gaseous cations at low pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000477 collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and selected ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules resulting in fragmentation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000478 electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with thermal electrons (electrons with energy 0.1 eV or less). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000480 electron ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000481 furnace atomisation electron ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000480 electron ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is atomised using an electrothermal (resistively-heated) furnace and then ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Spectrometry where the sample is ionised by electrospray ionization. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000483 cold-spray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10-80 C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000484 desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by directing charged solvent droplets (which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field) at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000485 high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the exact mass is determined as opposed to the nominal mass (the number of protons and neutrons). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000486 ionspray mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing an aqueous solution of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000487 microelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000488 nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000489 high-performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000796 high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000490 secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample ionised by spraying it with a very fine mist of charged droplets which was produced by forcing a solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000491 field ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000492 field desorption mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000491 field ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000493 pyrolysis field desorption mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000495 pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then deposited on a solid surface known as an 'emitter' and ionised by interaction with a high electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000494 high resolution field ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000491 field ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by interaction with a high electric field. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the 'exact' mass is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000495 pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000491 field ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000496 temperature-resolved pyrolysis field ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000493 pyrolysis field desorption mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is pyrolysed then ionised by interaction with a high electric field. The ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios as a function of temperature during pyrolysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000497 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Any method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000498 high-resolution mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000499 ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Spectrometry where the ionic species associated with the peaks in an ion mobility spectrum are identified by a mass spectrometer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000500 ion trap mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000501 ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000500 ion trap mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000502 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000501 ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field) and subjecting it to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000503 high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000502 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field). The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000504 quadrupole mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000500 ion trap mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000505 three-dimensional quadrupole mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000504 quadrupole mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000506 isotope ratio mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000507 elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000506 isotope ratio mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is first subject to elemental analysis (dropped onto a heated reactor which contains an oxidant–-such as copper and chromium oxide–-and combusted at 900 C to produce N2, NOx, H2O and CO2 which are reduced in a stream of helium) before the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000508 gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000506 isotope ratio mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance of isotopes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000509 liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000524 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before it is ionised and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000510 isotope dilution mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000506 isotope ratio mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000511 isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000510 isotope dilution mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is then determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000512 high-performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000796 high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and the relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000513 isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000511 isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratios of the ions in the sample are then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. The relative abundance of isotopes in the sample is determined by using an isotope dilution standard (the sample labelled with a rare isotope). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000514 stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000506 isotope ratio mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of non-radioactive isotopes in a sample is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000515 laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000712 laser mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000516 laser microprobe mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000712 laser mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a finely focused (<10 um diameter) high-energy pulsed laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000517 negative ion laser desorption mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000712 laser mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry using negative ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000518 positive ion laser desorption mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000712 laser mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry using positive ionisation where a high-energy pulsed laser is used for sample vaporisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000519 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000515 laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000520 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000519 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry where the sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000521 sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000519 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol-gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000522 surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000519 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000523 liquid chromatography-matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000524 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. The sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000524 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000525 photoionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000712 laser mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000526 atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000525 photoionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser at atmospheric pressure. The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000527 multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000525 photoionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with an ultraviolet laser. The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000528 resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000527 multiphoton ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs one or more photons resulting in ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000529 resonance ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000712 laser mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is irradiated with a resonant laser (a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to an atomic transition in the sample). The sample absorbs two or more photons resulting in ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000530 sonic spray mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved using a pneumatic nebuliser which turns the sample solution into a supersonic spray of small droplets. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000531 thermospray mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a pressurised solution of the sample is forced through a heated metal capillary tip. Ions are formed when the solvent evaporates and the statistically unbalanced charge distribution on the droplets leads to a net charge. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000532 thermal ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved by loading the sample onto a heated filament. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000533 particle beam mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a liquid sample passes through a desolvation chamber producing a beam of microscopic solid particles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000534 plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas, such as Ar, containing free electrons). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000535 capacitively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000534 plasma mass spectrometry Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by a potential difference between two electrodes, one of which is grounded and one of which is live. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000536 electron cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000534 plasma mass spectrometry Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by superimposing a static magnetic field and a high-frequency electromagnetic field at the electron cyclotron resonance frequency (the frequency at which an electron precesses in a magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000537 glow-discharge mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000741 discharge mass spectrometry Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes under reduced pressure. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000534 plasma mass spectrometry Plasma mass spectrometry where the plasma has been generated by electromagnetic induction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000539 electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Plasma mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated (to >1000 deg C) by passing a current through it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000540 slurry electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000539 electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ETV-ICP-MS where the solid sample is prepared by grinding into a fine powder and suspension in a diluent such as 0.1% HNO3. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000541 slurry nebulisation electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000540 slurry electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is ground to a fine powder and suspended in a diluent (such as 0.1% HNO3) before being vaporised by a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000542 solid sampling electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000539 electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000543 high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000796 high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000544 high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000543 high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000545 high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000543 high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000546 high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The 'exact' mass of the sample ions is then determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000547 inductively coupled plasma field sector mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The beam of ions is then directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000548 inductively coupled plasma three dimensional quadrupole mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is then measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by three electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000549 inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000550 laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000551 laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000550 laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is vaporised using a laser pulse then ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000552 liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000553 multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. A series of collectors ised used to detect several ion beams simultaneously. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000554 size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000555 size-exclusion chromatography-high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000554 size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion and high-performance liquid chromatographies before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000556 solution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000557 solution nebulisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000556 solution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture (a solution in dilute HNO3) is passed through a nebuliser to form a mist of finely dispersed droplets before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000558 microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000534 plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by microwave radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000559 plasma desorption mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000534 plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by bombarding the sample (mounted on a thin foil) with a highly energietic fission fragment from 252Cf. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000560 secondary ion mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000561 dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000560 secondary ion mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The secondary ions ejected from the sample are then detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000562 sputtered neutral atom mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000561 dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a continuous focused beam of primary mass-selected ions which remove material from the surface of the sample by sputtering. The neutral atoms ejected from the sample are ionised and detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000563 fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000560 secondary ion mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000564 mass spectrometry of recoiled ions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000560 secondary ion mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary elemental ions (usually H+, D+ or He+) ejected from the sample are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000565 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000560 secondary ion mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is bombarded with a stream of primary mass-selected particles and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected by accelerating them to the same (known) kinetic energy and measuring the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000566 secondary electron emission mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a surface is bombarded with sample ions and the secondary electrons emitted are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000567 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 15N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000568 sector field mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample ions are directed into magnetic field, the orientation of which is perpendicular to the beam. The magnetic field forces the charged particles into different circular trajectories, the radii of which depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and the mass of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000569 selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and ions such as H3O+, NO+ and O2+. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000570 proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000569 selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by introducing it into a tube containing fast flowing He gas and H3O+ ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000571 selective ion monitoring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the intensities of one or more specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000572 single-ion monitoring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000571 selective ion monitoring Mass spectrometry where the intensity of a specific ion beam is recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000573 multiple-ion monitoring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000571 selective ion monitoring Mass spectrometry where the intensities of multiple specific ion beams are recorded rather than the entire mass spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000574 spark source mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a vacuum spark discharge, which is generated by a pulsed high (25–100 kV) potential difference between two electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000575 tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000576 collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000575 tandem mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, where the sample ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules (resulting in fragmentation) between each mass-selection stage. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000577 electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000575 tandem mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. Sample ionisation is achieved by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000578 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000577 electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000579 tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000575 tandem mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. The mass-to-charge ratios of the sample ions are measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000580 time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000581 microspectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000049 chemical imaging Any type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000582 microspectrophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000581 microspectroscopy Spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000585 rotational spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy which probes the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000586 microwave spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000585 rotational spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000587 Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000586 microwave spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000588 molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000587 Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000589 laser ablation molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000588 molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample (in the form of a molecular beam) is vaporised by laser ablation before being irradiated with a single pulse of radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000590 neutron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a beam of neutrons is used to probe atomic and magnetic dynamics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000591 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000592 one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000593 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000594 11B nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 11B nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000595 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000596 distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000595 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them.The 13C NMR signals are enhanced by transferring 1H magnetisation to 13C nuclei and the phase of the signals reflects the multiplicity i.e. CH, CH2 or CH3). Separate methyl, methylene and methine spectra may be obtained. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000597 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 19F nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000598 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000599 correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000598 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000600 heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000931 heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and heteronuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000601 heteronuclear multiple bond coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000931 heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000602 gradient-selected heteronuclear multiple bond coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000601 heteronuclear multiple bond coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where pulsed-field gradients are used and a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000603 heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000931 heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HMQC the magnetisation of both nuclei is allowed to evolve over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000604 heteronuclear single quantum coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000931 heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. In HSQC only the magnetisation of one nucleus is allowed to evolve over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000605 total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000606 J-spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000598 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of homonuclear proton–proton NMR spectroscopy where chemical shift and J-coupling information are separated onto different frequency axes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000607 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000608 heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000725 two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000609 flip-back nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000725 two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy incorporating a water flip-back sequence, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000610 rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000725 two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (⩽6 Å apart). Spin-locking is employed to ensure that correlation between spins, which are close in space but have zero NOE, are seen. This technique is used for molecules whose tumbling regime lies at the border of positive and negative NOE responses. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000611 steady-state nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000725 two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). In this technique, the saturation of a particular proton resonance (signal) perturbs the intensities of signals from spatially proximate nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000612 insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarisation transfer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetisation arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000591 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000614 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a solid sample, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000614 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample and involving magic angle spinning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000616 combined rotation and multiple pulse spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field).The combination of multiple-pulse NMR experiments and magic angle spinning. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000617 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Magic angle spinning spectroscopy where cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000618 high-resolution magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Magic angle spinning spectroscopy using a high resolution magnetic susceptibility matching probe. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000619 photoacoustic spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000620 infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000619 photoacoustic spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense infrared laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk, is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000621 Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000620 infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy Infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy where the spectrum is then subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000622 photothermal spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in heating and the subsequent change in temperature, pressure or density is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000623 scanning tunnelling spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a scanning tunnelling microscope is used to measure the I-V characteristics of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000624 surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. The light source is incident on the noble metal surface through a prism, at a range of angles that are above the critical angle where total internal reflection occurs. At a certain angle excitation of the surface plasmons occurs, leading to a miniμm in the reflected light. The resonance angle shifts whenever the optical density of the sample in contact with the noble metal undergoes a change, and thus it allows detection of the adsorption or desorption of molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000625 electrochemical surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000624 surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons on a surface, which is the working electrode in an electrochemical experiment, by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000626 surface plasmon resonance imaging http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000624 surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured, during which the reflectivity of the sample is measured at a fixed angle or wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000627 terahertz time-domain spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the terahertz range (1 millimetre to 100 micrometres). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000628 vibrational spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy which probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000629 inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000628 vibrational spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a metal-molecule-metal sandwich is formed and electrons tunnel from metal to metal through the molecules. Any additional molecules adsorbed onto the inner layer of the sandwhich can affect the tunneling via the excitation of vibrational states. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000628 vibrational spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78 to 1000 micrometres). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000631 infrared evanescent wave spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy using radiation in the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) where an evanescent wave is generated using an optical fibre. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000632 far-infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000585 rotational spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the far infrared region (15–1000 μm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000633 infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000634 resonant infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000633 infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs resonant radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) with sufficient energy to cause photodissociation by the absorption of two or more photons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000635 mid-infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the mid infrared region (3–8 μm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000636 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000637 micro infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from a finely focused beam (<10 μm diameter) of infrared light (0.78–1000 μm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000638 near-infrared absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000639 Fourier transform near infrared absorbance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000638 near-infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000640 non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the difference in infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) bsorption of a sample cell against a reference cell is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000641 surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the rough metal surface of a sample absorbs radiation in the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000642 transient infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using pulses from an infrared laser. The infrared absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000643 infrared reflectance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000628 vibrational spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) by a sample is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000644 diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000643 infrared reflectance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of infrared radiation by a sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000645 diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000644 diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of a single pulse of infrared radiation by a sample is measured, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000646 near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000643 infrared reflectance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the reflection or scattering of near infrared radiation (0.8-2 micrometres) by a sample is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000647 reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000628 vibrational spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low incident angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000648 attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000643 infrared reflectance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported, and the distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000649 infrared emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000628 vibrational spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000650 flame infrared emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000649 infrared emission spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000651 Fourier transform flame infrared emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000650 flame infrared emission spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is heated in a flame and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. The spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000652 Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000649 infrared emission spectroscopy IR emission spectroscopy where the spectrum is obtained by a single pulse of (UV) radiation, and is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000653 mid-infrared emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000649 infrared emission spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the mid infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000654 planar array infrared emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000649 infrared emission spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is heated and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected with a two-dimensional focal plane array infrared camera. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000655 single-photon infrared emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000649 infrared emission spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is heated using ultraviolet excitation (single photon) and the infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) emitted during cooling is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000656 Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002414 scattering spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000657 chiral Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarised incident light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000658 coherent Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from three lasers (known as pump, probe and Stokes/anti-Stokes) by a sample is detected. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000659 coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000658 coherent Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000660 coherent Stokes resonance Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000659 coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. An anti-Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and a Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000661 coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000658 coherent Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000662 coherent anti-Stokes resonance Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000661 coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. A Stokes frequency stimulation beam is used and an anti-Stokes frequency beam is observed and the difference between the pump and the anti-Stokes beams coincides with the frequency of an electronic transition within the molecule. multiphoton excitation is used to produce a signal in which the emitted waves are coherent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000663 confocal Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light is detected. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the focused laser spot and Raman signal coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000664 confocal Raman microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000663 confocal Raman spectroscopy The collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000665 Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light (produced by a single laser pulse) by a sample is detected and the spectrum is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000666 hyper Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of light by a (liquid) sample is detected. During scattering, photons from the incident laser (with frequency ω) are scattered by sample into photons of the second harmonic (photons with frequency 2ω). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000667 polarised Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the polarisation of light which has been subjected to Raman scattering by a sample is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000668 resonance Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy where the energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000669 Kerr-gated resonance Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000668 resonance Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample, and the laser is combined with a Kerr gate fluorescence rejection system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000670 surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000677 surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000671 ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000668 resonance Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000672 deep ultra-violet resonance Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000671 ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a deep ultraviolet (<300 nm) laser, by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light coincides with an electronic transition within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000674 spatially-offset Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a laser, by a sample is detected. Scattered light is collected from regions laterally offset from the excitation laser spot. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000675 stimulated Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000676 femosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000675 stimulated Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a femtosecond laser pulse, by a sample is detected. The laser pulse is generated by the mixing of two lasers ('pump' and 'probe'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000677 surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000678 tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser (500–650 nm), by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near-field of a metal-coated scanning probe microscopy tip, is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000679 ultra-high vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000678 tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of visible laser light, by metal surfaces, where scattering is enhanced by the optical near field of a scanning tunnelling tip, under ultra-high vacuum is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000680 ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from an ultraviolet laser, by a sample is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay Any measurement technique in which a physical property of the sample is measured as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000682 calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000683 isothermal titration calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002076 isothermal calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a titration. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000684 differential scanning calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002078 scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000685 heat-flux differential scanning calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000684 differential scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a heat-flux differential scanning calorimeter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000686 power-compensation differential scanning calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000684 differential scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant using a power compensation differential scanning calorimeter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000687 differential thermal analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000688 thermoacoustimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis Thermal analysis where the characteristics of imposed acoustic wave passing through the sample are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000689 thermodilatometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis The measurement of a dimension of the sample under negligible load as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000690 thermogravimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis The measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000691 thermomagnetometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis The measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of a sample as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000692 thermoptometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis The measurement of an optical characteristic of a sample as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000693 thermoluminescence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000692 thermoptometry The measurement of the luminescence of a sample as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000694 thermophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000692 thermoptometry The measurement of the total light, or the light of a specific wavelength emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000695 thermorefractometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000692 thermoptometry The measurement of the refractive index of a sample as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000696 glass refractive index measurement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000695 thermorefractometry The measurement of the refractive index of small glass fragments as a function of temperature. The glass fragments are placed in silicone oil and observed as the temperature is raised. At the point where the glass fragment disappear the refractive index of the oil and glass are equal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000697 thermosonimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis The measurement of the sound emitted by a sample as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000698 neutron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000141 diffraction method A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a sample and recording the resulting diffraction pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000699 neutron powder diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000698 neutron diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of cold or thermal neutrons at a powdered solid sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted neutrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000700 X-ray–ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with radiation in the range Xray–ultraviolet, which causes ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000701 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000575 tandem mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance using two mass spectrometers in series. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000702 capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000706 electrophoresis-mass spectrometry Any method where the sample is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, before being analysed by mass spectrometry. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000703 capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000702 capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture is first separated by capillary electrophoresis, before being ionised in a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000704 direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000710 ambient ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000705 electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000502 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 microlitre min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The mass-to-charge ratio of the ions is then determined by measuring their cyclotron frequency (the frequency at which they precesses in a fixed magnetic field) and subjecting it to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000706 electrophoresis-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Any method where the sample is first separated by electrophoresis, before being analysed by mass spectrometry. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000707 two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000708 direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000704 direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. Sample ions with different masses are then accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000710 ambient ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Any mass spectrometry technique where the sample is ionised at low or ambient temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000711 low-temperature plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000534 plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) generated by an alternating current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000712 laser mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is illuminated with a laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000713 continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000591 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000714 high-performance liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002708 liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000715 ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000796 high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000716 high-performance liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000796 high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. The sample is then converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000717 extractive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionised by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 microlitres per minute) into an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000718 Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure spin–spin (T2) relaxation times. For the pulse sequence see Rev. Sci. Inst., (1958), 29, pg 688. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000719 quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000718 Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence A pulse sequence which is applied during nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei, to measure spin–spin (T2) relaxation times. In the solid state, the sequence is used to achieve sensitivity enhancement for nuclei with low gyromagnetic ratios. For the pulse sequence see J. Phys. Chem. A, (1997), 101, pg 8597. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000720 33S nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 33S nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000721 ultra-high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>900 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000722 77Se nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 77Se nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000723 high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static (>300 MHz) magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000724 one-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000607 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where only one frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 angstrom apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000725 two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000607 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 angstrom apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000726 high resolution fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000563 fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) is bombarded with a stream of primary noble gas atoms and the secondary ions ejected from the sample are detected. The 'exact' mass of these secondary is then determined, as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000727 2H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 2H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000728 selective insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarization transfer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000612 insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarisation transfer A heteronuclear NMR experiment in which magnetisation arising from 1H nuclei is transferred to covalently bound heteronuclei, thereby enhancing the NMR signal of the heteronuclei. Selective pulses, that only excite or 'select' some of the signals in the spectrum are used in this experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000729 annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002472 dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000730 high-angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000729 annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000731 bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002470 bright-field transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000732 synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000733 diffusion-ordered spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001117 nuclear magnetic resonance diffusometry A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000734 matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000580 time-of-flight mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. In the first stage the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes (a quadrupole). In the second stage the sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000735 gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000580 time-of-flight mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography then sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000736 electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000737 liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000751 liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000738 reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000701 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry A method where the sample mixture is first separated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000739 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 31P nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000740 51V nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 51V nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000741 discharge mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000534 plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by an electrical discharge. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000742 dielectric barrier discharge ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000741 discharge mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an alternating-voltage electrical discharge between a Cu sheet electrode and a discharge electrode separated by a glass slide. The glass slide acts as dielectric barrier and sample molecules on the surface of the glass slide are desorbed and ionised by the plasma. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000743 electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001215 magnetic resonance method Any type of magnetic resonance spectroscopy involving unpaired electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000744 electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000328 electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where one electron spin resonance is detected though its effect on another. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000745 pulsed electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000744 electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where two microwave frequency pulse sequences are used to excite two electron resonance transitions and the effect of the first transition on the second is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000746 continuous wave electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000744 electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated by two microwave frequencies which match electron resonance transitions. The effect of the higher power frequency ('pump') transition on the lower power ('observed') transitionsis measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000747 electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000743 electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a nuclear resonance is detected though its effect on an electron spin resonance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000748 pulsed electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000747 electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000749 continuous-wave electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000747 electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a sample is irradiated by a microwave frequency which matches an electron resonance transition, whilst nuclei in the vicinty of the unpaired eletron are excited by a radio frequency sweep. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000750 capillary liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by capillary liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000751 liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000524 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing the solution (usually in an organic solvent) through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000752 nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000751 liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography (with a flow rate of nL min-1) before being ionised by forcing the solution (usually in an organic solvent) through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000753 liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000524 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry Amethod where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before being ionised, and the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000754 nanoflow liquid chromatography chip enabled ion trap mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000753 liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography (flow rate nL min-1) before being passed though a 'chip' (a microfluidic device) to the mass spectrometer where the mass-to-charge ratio of the sample ions is measured whilst the ions are held in a stable orbit by an electric or magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000756 atmospheric pressure glow discharge mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000537 glow-discharge mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised under atmospheric pressure in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000757 atmospheric pressure glow discharge tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000575 tandem mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised under atmospheric pressure in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. multiple mass-selection steps are used, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000758 synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000158 powder X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a powder sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The X-rays are generated by the acceleration of charged particles through magnetic fields. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000759 plasmon resonance energy transfer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000760 resonance energy transfer Spectroscopy where by intentionally matching the plasmon resonance frequency of a gold nanoparticle with the frequency of the electronic transition energy of a biomolecule, energy transfer occurs which gives rise to resonant quenching dips in the Rayleigh scattering spectrum of the particle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000760 resonance energy transfer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000057 luminescence detection Any method where a biological sample is illuminated with a light source and the energy transfer between molecules can be used for imaging and to measure inter-molecular distances. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000761 confocal fluorescence correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000288 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. The light emitted during fluorescence is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected, reducing background interference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000762 scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000288 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000763 attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000648 attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopy where infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported. The distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured producing a spectrum which is then subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000764 colloidal probe atomic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000113 atomic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a microparticle (usually made of silica) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of a colloidal specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force between the two colloidal surfaces as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000765 total internal reflection fluorescence correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000288 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence in a sample, and the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. To generate total internal reflection the UV light is either passed through a prism to generate high enough incident angles, or the UV light is focused through the periphery of a high numerical aperture objective which is directly coupled to the sample surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000766 supercritical angle fluorescence correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000288 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample emitted at supercritical angles are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000767 image correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000288 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured at several different points in parallel and correlated within very small detection volumes. Ultra-violet light is used to stimulate fluorescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000768 negative-stain electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000068 electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is stained with heavy metals salts (to improve contrast) before being bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000769 high resolution scanning electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000073 scanning electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused electron beam is scanned across the specimen under vacuum and the secondary and backscattered electrons produced are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000770 single molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000677 surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a single molecule sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000771 multiphoton fluorescence microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000087 fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by absorption of two or more photons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000772 two photon fluorescence microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000771 multiphoton fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where fluorophores in the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by the near-simultaneous absorption of two photons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000773 photoluminescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001257 photoluminescence detection Spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules irradiated with light, is detected as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000774 transverse relaxation optimised spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of NMR experiment employed for protein samples in which relaxation mechanisms are optimised in order to suppress transverse relaxation times (T2) and deliver only the sharpest signal present in a multiplet. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000775 dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarised light by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000776 linear dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000775 dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption (parallel and perpendicular to the orientation axis) of linearly polarised light by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000777 diffuse reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001161 reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential diffuse reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000778 anomalous X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000200 X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in phase of X-rays scattered by a sample. Normally incident X-rays continue in the same phase after encountering the scatterer. However, if the energy of the incident X-rays is at or above the absorption edge of the scatterer, a phase shift occurs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000779 polarimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000208 reflection method The measurement of the extent to which a sample interacts with polarized electromagnetic radiation by transmission, reflection, refraction, or diffraction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000780 variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of a nucleus with non-zero spin to a perturbing magnetic field is detected at temperatures above or below the ambient probe temperature. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000781 hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy A type of two-dimensional EPR spectroscopy based on the electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) effect, where a sequence of four microwave pulses is applied to the sample and the stimulated spin-echo produced is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000782 neutron activation analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001224 activation analysis A type of activation analysis where a sample is bombarded with neutrons, the capture of which results in the generation of radioactive nuclei for most elements in the sample. These activated nuclei then decay according to their characteristic half-lives. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000783 infrared dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000775 dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption or reflection of polarised infrared light by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000784 site-specific infrared dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000783 infrared dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of polarised infrared light by a set of isotopically labelled sites in a sample. The introduction of a labelled atom e.g. 13C=16O, results in a shift of the corresponding absorption frequency. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000785 optical rotatory dispersion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy The measurement of light rotation as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000786 129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 129Xe nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000787 197Au nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 197Au nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000788 119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 119Sn nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000789 pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where a spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field with a defined gradient is used, either to select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000790 high-resolution diffusion-ordered spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000733 diffusion-ordered spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy using pulsed-field gradients where the rate of decay of NMR signals in each component of a sample mixture is measured across a series of experiments. The rate of signal decay is proportional to the diffusion coefficient for each component. The diffusion coefficient for each peak is measured and this information is used to construct a 2D spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000791 diffusion-ordered spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A two- or three-dimensional plot of one- or two-dimensional NMR spectra vs. the diffusion coefficients of the species involved. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000792 ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000291 spectrophotometry Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (190–2000 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item An information content entity that is output by an assay. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000794 cyclic voltammogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000922 voltammogram A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a cyclic voltammetry experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000795 ultra high performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001009 high-performance liquid chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small (< 2 microm) particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000796 high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000524 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000797 orthogonal acceleration mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000471 acceleration mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to very high kinetic energies by an ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000798 orthogonal acceleration time of flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000797 orthogonal acceleration mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised and the ions are accelerated to the same (known) very high kinetic energies by an ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. The time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000799 electronic absorption spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000811 electronic spectrum A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength, obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation, which reflects the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output A plot of a measured quantity against some experimental parameter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000801 absorption spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000802 acoustic emission spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of decibels vs. frequency obtained by measuring the amount of noise generated by a sample as a function of frequency of incident radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000803 alpha-particle spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of alpha-particle count vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and kinetic energies of alpha-particles emitted by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000804 atomic spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of absorption or emission radiation vs. frequency that reflects the internal degrees of freedom of an atom, obtained in an experiment where the sample is vaporised and then atomised. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000805 beta-particle spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of beta-particle count vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of beta-particles emitted by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000806 mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000807 chemical ionisation mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000806 mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by the sample interacting with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000808 circular dichroism spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000809 atomic force spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of force vs. distance obtained by measuring the force experienced by a tip against position on a surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000810 electron energy-loss spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of intensity vs. energy loss obtained by measuring the energy lost by electrons on interacting with a surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000811 electronic spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A spectrum that reflects the electronic degrees of freedom of an atom or molecule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000812 electrospray ionisation mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000806 mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000813 emission spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of emission against wavelength obtained by measuring the emitted spectral radiant power against a quantity related to photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000814 corrected emission spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000813 emission spectrum A plot of emission against wavelength obtained by measuring the emitted spectral radiant power against a quantity related to photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength and corrected for wavelength-dependent instrumental and sample effects. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000815 fluorescence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000865 photoluminescence spectrum A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through fluorescence against the frequency of the incident radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000816 gamma-ray spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of gamma-ray count vs. energy spectrum obtained by measuring the number and energy of gamma-rays emitted or absorbed by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000817 impedance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of impedance (Ω) vs. frequency that reflects the change in impedance of a sample during excitation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000818 infrared spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000829 vibrational spectrum A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained by measuring the absorption or emission of infrared radiation by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000819 microspectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A spectrum obtained from a very small portion of a sample, for example by means of a microscope. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000820 microwave spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of emission vs. wavelength obtained through a Fourier transform of the time series of the radiation emitted by a sample of gas phase molecules that have been excited by a microwave-frequency pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000821 photoacoustic spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000822 photoelectron spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of photoelectron count vs. kinetic energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000823 Raman spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000824 rotational spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A spectrum that reflects the rotational degrees of freedom of a molecule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000825 surface plasmon resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of reflectance vs. incident frequency or angle obtained by measuring the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag surface) by ultraviolet or visible light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000826 13C magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001080 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 13C nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000827 thermospray mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000806 mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by forcing a pressurised solution of the sample through a heated metal capillary tip. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000828 time-of-flight mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000806 mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the mass-to-charge ratio is determined from the time they take to reach a detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000829 vibrational spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A spectrum that reflects the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000830 X-ray spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of intensity vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of X-rays absorbed or emitted by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000831 action spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of a relative biological or chemical photoresponse per number of incident photons against wavelength or energy of radiation under the same radiant power of light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000832 conversion spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of a quantity related to the absorption, for example absorbance or cross section, multiplied by the quantum yield for the process considered against a measure of photon energy such as frequency, wavenumber or wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000833 excitation spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of the spectral radiant exitance or of the spectral photon exitance against the frequency (or wavenumber, or wavelength) of excitation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000834 excitation-emission spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A three-dimensional spectrum generated by scanning the emission spectrum at incremental steps of excitation wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum Any spectrum that shows the response of spin-active nuclei to radio frequency radiation in an applied magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000836 electron spin resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation. EPR spectra are often represented without axes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000837 carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for carbon-13 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000838 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity and possibly other parameters for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000839 phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for phosphorus-31 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000840 Mossbauer spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of intensity vs. velocity obtained by measuring the intensity and kinetic energy of a beam of gamma-rays transmitted through a solid sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000841 phosphorescence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000865 photoluminescence spectrum A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through phosphorescence against the wavelength of the incident radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000842 ultraviolet–visible spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000799 electronic absorption spectrum A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation in the ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) range. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000843 boron-11 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for boron-11 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000844 nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for nitrogen-15 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000845 fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for fluorine-19 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000846 sulfur-33 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for sulfur-33 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000847 vanadium-51 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of the resonance frequency of vanadium-51 nuclei in the same magnetic environment on a scale relative to their resonance frequency and with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei in those environments. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000848 selenium-77 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for selenium-77 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000849 crystallographic data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001910 structure data Data which is obtained from a diffraction experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000850 X-ray diffraction data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000849 crystallographic data Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000851 powder X-ray diffraction data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000850 X-ray diffraction data Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a powder. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000852 single-crystal X-ray diffraction data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000850 X-ray diffraction data Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a single crystal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000853 Fourier transform infrared spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000818 infrared spectrum A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000854 Auger spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of intensity vs. kinetic energy obtained when a high energy photon ionises a core electron and an electron from a higher energy level descends to take its place, releasing sufficient energy to eject a second so-called 'Auger' electron. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000855 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000739 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 31P nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000856 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001299 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000857 carbon-13 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000856 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000858 phosphorus-31 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000856 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000859 thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000690 thermogravimetry The FTIR analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000860 thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000690 thermogravimetry The MS analysis of volatile compounds released during the measurement of the mass of a sample as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000861 high-temperature X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample which is heated from 25–2000 °C and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000862 high-resolution X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a parallel beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000863 positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy A method for probing the free volume between polymer chains in which the anti-particle of an electron (a positron) is injected, from a radioactive source into the sample. When the positron is annihilated a characteristic energy is emitted, and the time from injection to energy emission is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000864 luminescence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000813 emission spectrum A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through luminescence against the frequency of the incident radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000865 photoluminescence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000864 luminescence spectrum A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of light as a result of stimulation with light) against the frequency/wavelength of the incident radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000866 room-temperature photoluminescence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000865 photoluminescence spectrum A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at room temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000867 low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000865 photoluminescence spectrum A plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation emitted by a sample through photoluminescence (emission of visible light) against the frequency of the incident radiation at low temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000868 sol–gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000521 sol-gel-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a sol–gel matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The sample molecular ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000869 surface-enhanced laser desorption–ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000522 surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The sample molecular ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000870 near-infrared Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of near-infrared radiation (radiation in the range 0.8–2 μm) is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000871 dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. The sample is held in a dynamic reaction cell which contains a reagent gas that reacts preferentially with certain species, in order to allow only the analyte ions into the mass-to-charge analyser and the detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000872 gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000873 ion-exchange chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000538 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ion-exchange chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000874 conductive atomic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000113 atomic force microscopy Conductive AFM is used for collecting simultaneous topography imaging and current imaging. Specifically, standard conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode. Variations in surface conductivity can be distinguished using this mode. Conductive AFM operates in contact AFM mode by using a conductive AFM tip. The contact tip is scanned in contact with the sample surface. Just like contact AFM, the feedback loop uses the DC cantilever deflection signal to maintain a constant force between the tip and the sample to generate the topography image. At the same time, a DC bias is applied to the tip. The sample is held at ground potential. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000875 electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000677 surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, at a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) electrochemcial interface is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000876 Fourier transform electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000423 electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell is measured. A Fourier transform is then applied to the spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000877 time-resolved X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a short (ns or ps) pulse beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000878 microphotoluminescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000773 photoluminescence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the luminesence (the emission of visible light) from a small area (<10 microns diameter) of a sample which has been illuminated with light, is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000879 high-frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of high-frequency microwave radiation (mm wavelength) in a high magnetic field is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000880 low-frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of low-frequency microwave, L-band (cm wavelength) or radio frequency (m wavelength) radiation in a magnetic field is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000881 saturation-transfer electron spin resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy used to measure very slow rotational motions where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave energy absorbed by the spins is such that there is an equal population of upper and lower spin states (described as 'saturated'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000882 longitudinally detected electron spin resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000329 continuous-wave electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the longitudinal response of an atom with an unpaired electron in a magnetic field to two transverse waves is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000883 plasma-assisted desorption–ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000534 plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) is directed onto the surface of interest causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000884 electrospray-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000515 laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary into an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000885 surface-enhanced chiral Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000657 chiral Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where vibrational optical activity from a sample absorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is measured by means of a small difference in the intensity of Raman scattering from chiral molecules of right- and left-circularly polarised incident light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000886 dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000506 isotope ratio mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where purified gas obtained from a sample is alternated rapidly with a standard gas (of known isotopic composition) by means of a system of valves, so that a number of comparative measurements are made of both gases. The relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is then determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000887 continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000506 isotope ratio mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample is determined. Measurements are taken immediately after sample preparation and separately to the standard gas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000888 proton-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000889 proton-decoupled 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000888 proton-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings between 31P and 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000890 proton-decoupled 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000888 proton-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings between 13C and 1H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 1H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000891 proton-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and heteronuclei have been removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000892 proton-decoupled phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000891 proton-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei and (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and phosphorus-31 nuclei have been removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000893 proton-decoupled carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000891 proton-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei and (J/scalar) coupling patterns between protons and carbon-13 nuclei have been removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000894 electron diffraction data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000849 crystallographic data Data which is obtained from an electron diffraction experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000895 transmission high-energy electron diffraction data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000894 electron diffraction data Data which is obtained from a transmission high-energy electron diffraction experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000897 saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000607 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The resulting spectrum is then subtracted from a reference spectrum obtained without saturation. Saturation-transfer NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000898 saturation transfer double difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000897 saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where radio frequency pulses are used to induce an equal population of upper and lower spin states in ('saturate') certain selected protons, removing their signal from the NMR spectrum. The signal from two different samples is obtained simultaneously and common signals are cancelled automatically. Saturation-transfer double-difference NMR is used to detect the transient binding of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000899 diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000292 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry Spectroscopy where the diffuse reflection of radiation in the range ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) by a sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000900 X-ray photoelectron spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000822 photoelectron spectrum A plot of photoelectron count vs. kinetic energy (following illumination of the sample with X-rays). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000901 neutron diffraction data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000849 crystallographic data Data which is obtained from a neutron diffraction experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000902 temperature-resolved X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000903 chemical shift anisotropy experiment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method An NMR experiment in which differences in chemical shift are used to give information about the orientation of those spins with respect to the field and, thus, the orientation of the molecule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000904 paramagnetic relaxation enhancement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method An NMR technique whereby paramagnetic ions are introduced to a sample which cause enhanced relaxation of the spins in proximity of the paramagnetic spin label, giving long-range (up to 24 Å) structural information. Also used in binding studies, allowing identification of the atoms involved in binding. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000905 spin diffusion experiment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000906 spin counting experiment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method An NMR experiment which measures the variation in amplitude of signals from dipolar-coupled nuclei over time, yielding information about the number of coupled nuclei in the system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000907 1H spin diffusion experiment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000905 spin diffusion experiment An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between 1H nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000908 19F spin diffusion experiment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000905 spin diffusion experiment An NMR experiment which exploits the increased efficiency of energy (magnetisation) transfer between 19F nuclei via dipolar coupling in rigid or semi-rigid samples. The rate at which polarisation is transferred between spins is measured giving information on the proximity and orientation of the interacting spins within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000909 polarisation inversion and spin exchange at the magic angle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Magic angle spinning NMR experiments in which dipolar coupling is reintroduced to obtain information on the proximity of nuclei within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000910 separated-local-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000598 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A two-dimensional NMR experiment which exploits the differential dipolar couplings which nuclei exhibit to their neighboring protons within local magnetic fields. The experiment consist of two time intervals: during the first time period the dipolar couplings are encoded in the NMR signal, while in the detection period the signals of different nuclei are separated on the basis of their differences in chemical shift. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000911 15N separated-local-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000910 separated-local-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A two-dimensional NMR experiment which exploits the differential dipolar couplings which 15N nuclei exhibit to their neighboring protons within local magnetic fields. The experiment consist of two time intervals: during the first time period the dipolar couplings are encoded in the NMR signal, while in the detection period the signals of different nuclei are separated on the basis of their differences in chemical shift. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000912 19F spin counting experiment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000906 spin counting experiment An NMR experiment which measures the variation in amplitude of signals from dipolar-coupled 19F nuclei over time, yielding information about the number of coupled nuclei in the system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000913 15N chemical shift anisotropy experiment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000903 chemical shift anisotropy experiment An NMR experiment in which differences in chemical shift of 15N nuclei under isotropic (unaligned media) and anisotropic (aligned media) conditions are used to give information about the orientation of those spins with respect to the field and, thus, the orientation of the molecule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000914 differential scanning calorimetry curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of enthalpy vs. temperature obtained by measuring the enthalpy required to increase the temperature of a sample as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000915 rheometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The study of the flow of fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. Rheometry is the measurement of the relationship between deformation and stress for these liquids. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000916 shear rheometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000915 rheometry The characterisation of flow or deformation of a liquid, which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity, as a result of shear stress. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000917 temperature-dependent rheometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000915 rheometry The study of the temperature dependence of the relationship between deformation and stress for fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000918 flow curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of stress vs. flow rate obtained from rheological measurements. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000919 grazing-angle X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001152 small-angle X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (<5°) close to the critical angle of total external X-ray reflection. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000920 variable angle correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000909 polarisation inversion and spin exchange at the magic angle A two-dimensional solid-state NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shift anisotropy of a nucleus with its isotropic chemical shift by performing a series of experiments each at a different spinning angle relative to the magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000921 Osteryoung square-wave voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000040 square-wave voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a square wave and there is one square wave cycle per staircase step. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000922 voltammogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a voltammetry experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000923 square-wave voltammogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000922 voltammogram A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a square-wave voltammetry experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000924 magnetometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the strength and/or direction of magnetic fields, or the magnetic susceptibility of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000925 vibrating-sample magnetometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000924 magnetometry The measurement of the change in magnetic field caused by the vibration of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000926 superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000924 magnetometry The measurement of very small magnetic fields (5 x 10-18 T) using a superconducting quantum interference device. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000927 velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000928 particle-tracking velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002042 optical velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of fluids by tracking the diffracted or fluorescent light emitted from individual particles in successive digital camera images. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000929 frequency-switched Lee-Goldberg cross polarization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000909 polarisation inversion and spin exchange at the magic angle A magic angle spinning NMR dipolar recoupling technique used to determine dipolar couplings between 1H and 13C nuclei. A FSLG sequence is used to remove homonuclear couplings (by spin-locking the 1H nuclei) and polarization transfer from the protons to the 13C via dipolar coupling manifests as a splitting of the detected 13C signal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000930 cold-spray ionisation mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000812 electrospray ionisation mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small cold (10–80 °C) capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000931 heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000598 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Any type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000932 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A two-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the chemical shift of a correlated nucleus. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000933 distortionless enhancement with polarization transfer spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000837 carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the where the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei, the signals from which are enhanced by the transfer of magnetisation from 1H nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000934 heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000932 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A two-dimensional NMR spectrum in which peaks appear at the chemical shift of (usually) protons in one dimension and at the chemical shift of their covalently-bound heteroatoms in the other dimension. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000935 heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000932 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000936 reflectance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been reflected from or scattered by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000937 reflectance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of radiation reflected by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000938 transmission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy The study of radiation as a function of wavelength that has been transmitted through a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000939 transmission spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of transmittance vs. wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000940 vector piezoresponse force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000114 piezoresponse force microscopy Microscopy where an electric field is applied to a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') which is mounted on the end of a cantilever. The tip scans the surface of a piezoelectric specimen and the distortion of the electric field by the specimen is measured as components from three directions (one vertical and two lateral). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000941 scanning electron microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001088 electron microscope A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring the interaction of the electrons with the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000942 field-emission scanning electron microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000941 scanning electron microscope A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000943 scanning probe microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000953 microscope A microscope which uses a probe to scan the surface of the specimen, mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position, producing an image of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000945 dynamic reaction cell http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that contains a reagent gas that reacts preferentially with certain species in order to allow only the analyte ions into the mass-to-charge analyser and the detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000946 optical tweezers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000947 optical microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000953 microscope A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000948 charge-coupled device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge. When a photon is absorbed by the chip, a single electron is released. Electrodes covering the chip surface hold these electrons in place in an array of wells, or pixels, so that during exposure of the chip to light, a pattern of charge builds up that corresponds to the pattern of light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000949 charge-coupled device diffractometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000950 diffractometer A diffractometer in which the detector is a charge-coupled device. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000950 diffractometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000951 atomic force microscopy tip http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A sharp spike which is mounted on the end of a cantilever and used to scan the surface of a specimen in atomic force microscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000952 atomic force microscopy cantilever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A cantilever used in atomic force microscopy to transmit force from the tip to a recording device. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000953 microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus which is used to generate an image of the surface of a specimen, whether by focusing reflected light onto where it can be collected or by scanning a given area of the surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000954 atomic force microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000953 microscope A microscope which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000955 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000982 mass spectrometer A mass spectrometer that uses an inductively coupled plasma torch, an ion source that consists of a torch that is surrounded by a radio frequency generator that ionises argon gas inside the torch to form a high-temperature (up to 10 000 K) plasma that can be used to ionise analytes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000956 inductively coupled plasma torch http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000960 ion source An ion source that consists of a torch that is surrounded by a radio frequency generator that ionises argon gas inside the torch to form a high-temperature (up to 10 000 K) plasma that can be used to ionise analytes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000957 chemical ionisation source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000960 ion source An ion source that consists of a high-pressure ionisation chamber containing a reagent gas (for example N2, O2 or H2O) which is ionised by high-energy electrons from a heated strip of metal and goes on to react with the analyte to ionise it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000958 electron ionisation mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000982 mass spectrometer A mass spectrometer that uses an electron ionisation source, which consists of a thin strip of metal that is heated electrically to incandescence or a temperature at which it emits free electrons that are accelerated through a potential to an energy where they ionise the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000959 electron ionisation source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000960 ion source An ion source that consists of an ionisation chamber and a thin strip of metal that is heated electrically to incandescence or a temperature at which it emits free electrons that are accelerated through a potential to an energy where they ionise the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000960 ion source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that takes an analyte and generates ions which are passed to the rest of a mass spectrometer for analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000961 orthogonal-acceleration ion source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000960 ion source An ion source that works by sampling an ion beam travelling in a direction orthogonal to the axis of the flight path in the mass-to-charge analyser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000962 orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000982 mass spectrometer A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser to separate ions. Ions introduced into the mass analyzer are accelerated along the axis perpendicular to their initial direction of motion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000963 quadrupole mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000982 mass spectrometer A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000964 ion cyclotron resonance cell http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus consisting of paired trapping plates, receiver plates and transmitter plates which provides a magnetic field that coherently excites ions according to their cyclotron frequencies which depend on their mass-to-charge ratio. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000965 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002657 ion trap mass spectrometer A mass spectrometer that uses an ion cyclotron resonance cell (a piece of apparatus that measures the frequency at which ions precesses in a fixed magnetic field and subjects the frequency output to a Fourier transform) as a mass-to-charge analyser and detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000966 quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000978 mass-to-charge analyser A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a quadrupolar potential (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain the trajectories of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000967 transmission quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000966 quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser A mass-to-charge analyser that consists of a set of four linear electrodes and allows only ions of a given mass-to-charge ratio, set according to the direct current and radio frequency potentials, to reach a detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000968 Orbitrap http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000966 quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser A mass-to-charge analyser that consists of two coaxial axially symmetric electrodes, the outer one in the shape of a barrel, the inner one in the shape of a spindle, that traps ions in oscillating trajectories along the z-axis according to their mass-to-charge ratio. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000969 linear quadrupole ion trap mass-to-charge analyser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000966 quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a two-dimensional quadrupole field (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain ions radially into trajectories that correspond to their mass-to-charge ratio. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000970 three-dimensional quadrupole ion trap mass-to-charge analyser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000966 quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser A mass-to-charge analyser that uses a three-dimensional quadrupole field (generated by four parallel electrodes) to trap ions in orbits that correspond to their mass-to-charge ratio. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000971 support-coated open-tubular column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000972 porous-layer open-tubular column An open-tubular column in which a layer of porous particles deposited from a suspension coats the inner wall and serves as a support for a liquid stationary phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000972 porous-layer open-tubular column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000974 open-tubular column An open-tubular column in which a porous layer, achieved by either etching a non-porous layer or by deposition of porous particles from a suspension, coats the inner wall and may serve as a support for a liquid stationary phase or as the stationary phase itself. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000973 wall-coated open-tubular column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000974 open-tubular column An open-tubular column in which the liquid stationary phase is coated on the unmodified smooth inner wall of the tube. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000974 open-tubular column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000997 chromatography column A chromatography column in which either the inner tube wall or a liquid or active solid held stationary on the tube wall acts as the stationary phase and there is an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000975 packed column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000997 chromatography column A chromatography column that contains a solid packing. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000976 high-performance liquid chromatography column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000997 chromatography column A chromatography column that contains very small particles and is capable of taking a high inlet pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000977 reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000981 time-of-flight mass spectrometer A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser and a reflectron to separate ions. The reflectron uses a constant electrostatic field to reflect the ion beam toward the detector. The more energetic ions penetrate deeper into the reflectron, and take a slightly longer path to the detector. Less energetic ions of the same charge-to-mass ratio penetrate a shorter distance into the reflectron and, correspondingly, take a shorter path to the detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000978 mass-to-charge analyser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus which separates ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000979 reflectron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus which produces an electric field that accelerates ions in a mass-to-charge analyser in a direction opposite to their direction of travel, acting as an ion mirror to separate ions of the same mass-to-charge ratio that have different kinetic energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000980 time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000978 mass-to-charge analyser A piece of apparatus which accelerates a sample of ions so that they all have the same kinetic energy across a field-free drift region of length 1–2 m to a detector, thus separating the ions by their velocity, which is proportional to their mass-to-charge ratio. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000981 time-of-flight mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000982 mass spectrometer A mass spectrometer which uses a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser to separate ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000982 mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001234 spectrometer A piece of apparatus that consists of at least an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000983 separation capillary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with an internal diameter of 20–100 micrometres and hosts the separation medium in capillary electrophoresis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000984 liquid stationary phase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000986 stationary phase A liquid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography, and may be chemically bonded or immobilized onto a solid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000985 solid stationary phase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000986 stationary phase A solid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000986 stationary phase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000994 chromatographic phase A solid, gel or liquid that plays the role of the stationary component in chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000987 capillary column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with a diameter of less than a millimetre and hosts the stationary bed in chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000988 chromatography paper http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000990 open chromatographic bed An open chromatographic bed that consists of a sheet of paper, often filter paper. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000989 thin-layer chromatography plate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000990 open chromatographic bed An open chromatographic bed that consists of a thin (0.10 to 0.25 mm) layer of sorbent applied to a firm backing of glass, aluminium or a plastic sheet to act as a support. Numerous sorbents have been used including silica gel, cellulose, aluminium oxide and polyamide. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000990 open chromatographic bed http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that is planar and is or hosts the stationary bed in chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000991 liquid mobile phase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000995 mobile phase A liquid that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000992 supercritical mobile phase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000995 mobile phase A supercritical fluid that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity An independent material continuant that is self-connected and retains its identity over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000994 chromatographic phase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material One of the portions of material between which the components to be separated are distributed in chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000995 mobile phase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000994 chromatographic phase A fluid that percolates through or along the stationary bed in chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000996 gaseous mobile phase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000995 mobile phase A gas that percolates through the stationary bed in chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000997 chromatography column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that has the form of a tube with a diameter between 5 to 50 mm and hosts the stationary bed in chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000999 separation method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A method that results in the separation of two or more components according to some property. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000999 separation method A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001001 column chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of standard length 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001002 gas chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001001 column chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001003 supercritical-fluid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001001 column chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001004 liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001001 column chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001005 planar chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography A chromatography method where the stationary phase is present as or on a plane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001006 affinity chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001001 column chromatography Chromatography where the separation is caused by differing biological specificity of the analyte-ligand interactions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001007 thin-layer chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001005 planar chromatography A chromatography method where the stationary phase is a thin (0.10 to 0.25 mm) layer of sorbent applied to a firm backing such as glass, aluminium or plastic sheet. An eluent ( single solvent or solvent mixture) is allowed to flow by capillary action through the sorbent starting at a point just below the applied samples. As the eluent front migrates through the sorbent the components of the sample also migrate, but at different rates resulting in separation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001008 paper chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001005 planar chromatography A chromatography method where the stationary phase is or is impregnated in a sheet of paper. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001009 high-performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002318 liquid–solid chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001010 exclusion chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001001 column chromatography Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects such as differences in molecular size, shape or charge. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001011 gel filtration chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001010 exclusion chromatography Column chromatography where the separation is caused by exclusion effects within the stationary phase and where the stationary phase is a swollen gel. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001012 ion-exclusion chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001010 exclusion chromatography Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in charge, the mobile phase is aqueous and the analyte is ionic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001013 size-exclusion chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001010 exclusion chromatography Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in molecular size. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001014 ion-exchange chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001001 column chromatography Column chromatography where the separation is caused by differences in ion-exchange affinity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001015 gas-solid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001002 gas chromatography Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a solid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001016 gas-liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001002 gas chromatography Gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a liquid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001017 two-dimensional separation method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001999 multi-dimensional separation method A method that results in the separation of two components along two physical axes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001018 two-dimensional chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002001 multi-dimensional chromatography A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both chromatography. initial separation proceeds in a primary column and 'cuts' of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001019 electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000999 separation method A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001020 two-dimensional electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002005 multi-dimensional electrophoresis A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both electrophoresis. Separation occurs in one plane, that plane is rotated by 90° and the next separation step is carried out. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001021 gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001030 sieving electrophoresis A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001022 agarose gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001021 gel electrophoresis A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of agarose gel, across which an electric field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001023 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001021 gel electrophoresis A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001024 capillary electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001019 electrophoresis An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001025 isotachophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001019 electrophoresis An electrophoresis method in a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001026 isoelectric focusing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001019 electrophoresis An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001027 sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001023 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied, and the electrophoretic mobility of the analytes, usually proteins is altered by their binding to sodium dodecyl sulfate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001028 difference gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001029 two dimensional gel electrophoresis A two dimensional gel electrophoresis method where protein analytes have been previously labelled with different fluorescent dyes and different analytes are compared. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001029 two dimensional gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001020 two-dimensional electrophoresis A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both gel electrophoresis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001030 sieving electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001019 electrophoresis An electrophoresis method where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001031 capillary sieving electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001030 sieving electrophoresis An electrophoresis method that takes place in a capillary and where the separation medium contains a reticulated system, for example an entangled polymer network, that further separates the analytes according to their size and shape. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001032 capillary gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001031 capillary sieving electrophoresis A separation method that takes place in a capillary and where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which an electric field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001033 capillary isoelectric focusing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001026 isoelectric focusing An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isolectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient in a capillary. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001034 capillary isotachophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001025 isotachophoresis An electrophoresis method in a capillary containing a discontinuous buffer system where the analytes migrate according to their electrophoretic mobilities, forming a chain of adjacent zones moving with equal velocity between two solutions, the leading and terminating electrolytes, bracketing the mobility range of the analytes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001035 electrokinetic chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000999 separation method A separation method based on a combination of electrophoresis and interactions of the analytes with additives which form a dispersed phase moving at a different velocity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001036 micellar electrokinetic chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001035 electrokinetic chromatography Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase is a micellar dispersed phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001037 microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001035 electrokinetic chromatography Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase is a microemulsion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001038 capillary electrochromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001035 electrokinetic chromatography Electrokinetic chromatography where the movement of the mobile phase through a capillary is achieved by electroosmotic flow. The retention time is determined by a combination of electrophoretic migration and chromatographic retention. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001039 capillary affinity electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001040 affinity electrophoresis An electrophoresis method which takes place in a capillary where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001040 affinity electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001019 electrophoresis An electrophoresis method where the separation medium has specific interactions with the analytes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001041 liposome electrokinetic chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001035 electrokinetic chromatography Electrokinetic chromatography where the secondary phase has liposomes suspended in it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001042 denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001021 gel electrophoresis A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel that contains a denaturing agent that causes double-stranded DNA to unzip, across which an electric field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001043 temperature gradient gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001021 gel electrophoresis A separation method where colloidal particles consisting of polynucleotides move at different speeds according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of a gel, across which an electric field is applied and across which there is a gradient of temperatures that cause double-stranded DNA to unzip. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001044 dielectrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000999 separation method A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an electric field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001045 free-flow electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001019 electrophoresis An electrophoresis method where the sample is introduced continuously to the separation chamber and the electric field is applied perpendicular to the hydrodynamic flow resulting in two-dimensional separation of the analytes based on the flow rate and their electrophoretic mobilities. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001046 isotachophoretic focusing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001025 isotachophoresis An electrophoresis method where colloidal particles move at different speeds in a separation medium that has an electrophoretic mobility gradient so that the analytes move and stack in the order of their electrophoretic mobilities. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001049 capillary liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography Chromatography which takes place in a separation capillary and where the mobile phase is a liquid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001050 reversed-phase liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002302 reversed-phase chromatography Liquid chromatography where the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001051 normal-phase liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001004 liquid chromatography Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. This is the default for liquid chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001052 magnetic sector mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000982 mass spectrometer A mass spectrometer that uses a wedge-shaped magnetic field to separate the total ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001053 magnetic sector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus consisting of a magnet which is used to separate an ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001054 electric sector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus which applies an electric field in order to select ions that have the same kinetic energy from an ion beam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001055 double-focusing mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000982 mass spectrometer A mass spectrometer that applies an electric field in order to select ions that have the same kinetic energy from an ion beam and uses a wedge-shaped magnetic field to separate the total ion beam into discrete ion beams according to the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001056 forward-geometry double-focusing mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001055 double-focusing mass spectrometer A double-focusing mass spectrometer where the electric sector precedes the magnetic sector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001057 reverse-geometry double-focusing mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001055 double-focusing mass spectrometer A double-focusing mass spectrometer where the magnetic sector precedes the reverse sector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001058 Faraday cup http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001059 ion detector An ion detector consisting of a collector electrode connected to a high-ohmic resistor and surrounded by a Faraday cage. The voltage drop across the resistor is a measure of the ion current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001059 ion detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002244 detector A piece of apparatus that produces an output that depends on the number of ions that it encounters. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001060 electron multiplier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that on contact with a charged particle of sufficient energy emits a greater number electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001061 discrete-dynode electron multiplier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001060 electron multiplier An electron multiplier that consists of a sequence of discrete electron multiplier electrodes, or dynodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001062 continuous-dynode electron multiplier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001060 electron multiplier An electron multiplier that consists of a single electrode in the form of a horn of plenty. The ions impinge on the wall of the horn at the open end, producing a cascade of electrons which is multiplied on each interaction with the wall and focussed onto a preamplifier. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001063 Daly detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001059 ion detector An ion detector that consists of an aluminised cathode or Daly knob held at a very large negative potential that attracts ions and produces secondary electrons which impact a scintillator, producing photons that are detected by a photomultiplier. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001064 X-ray powder diffractometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002105 X-ray diffractometer A piece of apparatus which illuminates a powder sample with X-rays, electrons or neutrons and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001065 atomic force microscopy probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A sharp spike mounted on the end of a cantilever which is used to scan the surface of a specimen in atomic force microscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001066 incident photon conversion efficiency spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000831 action spectrum A plot of incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) vs. wavelength obtained from a solar or photovoltaic cell. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001067 proton detected separated local field spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000910 separated-local-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment for the measurement of heteronuclear dipolar couplings. 1H–1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetisation is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance to simplify a dipolarly coupled spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001068 R-type recoupling proton detected separated local field spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001067 proton detected separated local field spectroscopy A magic-angle spinning NMR experiment to measure dipolar couplings. Dipolar couplings are reintroduced by synchronising rf pulses with the rotation of the rotor. Spectral simplification occurs via the proton detected separated local field protocol where 1H-1H interactions are decoupled and proton magnetisation is passed through 13C nuclei present at natural abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001069 far-infrared magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000632 far-infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy levels of paramagnetic species (such as HCN) are tuned into resonance with a far-infrared laser source in order to investigate rotational transitions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001070 three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing two magnetisation transfer steps). Each signal is described by three frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001071 heteronuclear single quantum coherence total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001072 heteronuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of heteronuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the proton signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to the chemical shift of their covalently bound heteronuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001072 heteronuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001070 three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, arising from a combination of protons and heteronuclei, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001073 homonuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001070 three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which three independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals. Each signal is described by three frequencies, all arising from the same type of nucleus, thus effecting the distribution of signals within a cube. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001074 time-lapse microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000067 microscopy Microscopy in which the same object (e.g., a cell) is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001075 elemental analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002739 quantitative determination method A process where a sample is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition (the elements present and sometimes their weight percentage). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001076 carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001075 elemental analysis A type of elemental analysis accomplished by combustion of the sample at 1200 °C in a stream of unreactive gas and excess oxygen and collection of the products (CO2, H2O and NOx). The masses of these combustion products can be used to calculate the composition of the unknown sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001077 quartz crystal microbalance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus used to measure the mass per unit area (1 μg per cm2) by measuring the change in frequency of a quartz crystal resonator (a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes) as a function of mass change. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001078 polarization modulation infrared reflection–adsorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000647 reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the differential absorption and reflection of low incident angle p- and s-polarized infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The ultra-thin layers on metal surfaces interact with the p-polarized component of light, but not with the s-polarized component. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001079 15N solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000614 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states 15N nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001080 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000614 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states 13C nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001081 125Te nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 125Te nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001082 osmometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the osmotic strength of a substance which often used to determine its molecular weight. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001083 vapour pressure osmometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001082 osmometry A technique used to determine the concentration of osmotically active particles that reduce the vapor pressure of a solution. Vapour pressure osmometry is used to measure the average molecular weight of polymers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001084 time-lapse fluorescence microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001074 time-lapse microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) and the specimen is imaged at regular time intervals over several hours. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001085 fluorescence-activated cell sorting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000061 flow cytometry A method for separating microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The particles are forced individually through a vibrating nozzle, then exposed to a laser beam and the resulting fluorescence and scattered light is detected. Finally the cells are sorted by applying an electrical charge to droplets of the fluid and deflecting it to the left or right using charged electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001086 photoemission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000068 electron microscopy A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation by UV light, synchrotron radiation or X-ray sources is used to produce an image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001087 X-ray photoemission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001086 photoemission electron microscopy A type of electron microscopy where the distribution of electrons emitted by a specimen sample following excitation with an X-ray source is used to produce an image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001088 electron microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000953 microscope A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum and measuring the interaction of the electrons with the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001089 spectroscopic photoemission and low energy electron microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001088 electron microscope A piece of apparatus which combines a low energy electron microscope (LEEM) and an energy filtered x-ray photoemission electron microscope (XPEEM). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001090 kinetic spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy used to study processes through in situ observation of the time profile of molecular absorptions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001091 aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000084 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the phase contrast between transmitted electron waves is used to produce an image. The beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001092 electron spin resonance imaging http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000185 imaging assay An imaging method which uses the detection of unpaired spins in a magnetic field gradient so that the resonance condition is sensitive to the position of the spins in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001093 molecular nonthermal excitation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy A type of molecular spectroscopy where the sample is placed in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001094 furnace ionisation nonthermal excitation spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000254 furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectrometry A type of atomic emission spectrometry where the sample is atomised by placing it in a small graphite-coated tube which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it, then ionised and excited using a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001095 fluorescence microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000947 optical microscope A microscope that uses an excitation source to produce light which is passed through an excitation filter, reflects off the surface of a dichroic mirror onto the specimen which fluoresces, producing light that passes through an emission filter to select only the required wavelengths onto the collector lens. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001096 epifluorescence microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001095 fluorescence microscope A fluorescence microscope where the light source is mounted above (epi) the specimen and the excitation light passes through the microscope objective lens on its way toward the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001097 thermocouple http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that generates electrical current when it experiences a thermal gradient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001098 Wollaston wire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A composite wire consisting of a fine platinum core with a silver coating. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001099 transmission electron microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001088 electron microscope A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The energies and intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001100 field-emission transmission electron microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001099 transmission electron microscope A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam (produced by thermionic emission heating) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The energies and intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001101 synchrotron radiation X-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000307 X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field) and the energies and intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001102 autoradiography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000185 imaging assay The recording of the image of an object through the effect of ionising radiation on a film or emulsion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001103 recorded image http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output A data set consisting of a 2D representation obtained from a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001104 autoradiogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001103 recorded image An image of an object obtained through the effect of ionising radiation on a film or emulsion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001105 isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001029 two dimensional gel electrophoresis A two-dimensional separation method where one separation process is isoelectric focusing on a gel and the other separation process is polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001106 two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001029 two dimensional gel electrophoresis A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001107 positive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised to positive ions by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001108 positive electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000736 electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised to positive ions by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001109 positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000577 electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, with some form of fragmentation occurring between each stage. Sample ionisation is achieved by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 uL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of positively charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001110 particle-image velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002042 optical velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of fine particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001111 microscopic particle-image velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001110 particle-image velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of fluids by pulsing a planar laser light sheet twice, and recording images of microscopic particles lying in the light sheet using a video camera or a photograph. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001112 super-resolution bright-field microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000104 bright-field microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is illuminated with light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective, and image resolution (which is normally limited by diffraction) is enhanced by processing the images with image restoration algorithms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001113 membrane-inlet mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a thin membrane (usually made of a silicone elastomer) provides a selective means introducing low-molecular-weight volatile organic compounds into the ionisation source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001114 solution X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a sample solution and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001115 differential pulse voltammogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000922 voltammogram A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a differential-pulse voltammetry experiment (i.e. where the potential is varied using pulses of increasing amplitude and the current is sampled before and after each voltage pulse). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001116 ion amperometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000004 amperometry The measurement of cell current, whilst the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is controlled, associated with the ion transfer across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001117 nuclear magnetic resonance diffusometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Any type of NMR spectroscopy used to measure diffusion coefficients. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001118 pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001117 nuclear magnetic resonance diffusometry An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001119 modulus addition using spatially separated echo spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001118 pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment used to measure self-diffusion coefficients via signal attenuation which occurs due to diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients. This experiment also corrects for the effects of imperfect pulsed field gradients. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001120 pulsed gradient non-linear spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001118 pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment used to measure small diffusion coefficients via the attenuation of signals occurring due to molecular diffusion during the application of pulsed field gradients. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001121 dynamic force spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of (adhesion or rupture) force vs. loading rate obtained from an atomic force microscopy experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001122 dynamic force spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001123 force spectroscopy The use of an atomic force microscope to measure rupture or fusion force as a function of loading rate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001123 force spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample, usually by taking force–distance curves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001124 ultraviolet–visible–near infrared spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000799 electronic absorption spectrum A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation in the ultraviolet to near-infrared (190–2000 nm) range. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001125 confocal microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000947 optical microscope An optical microscope that works by scanning one or more focussed beams of light across the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001126 laser-scanning confocal microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001125 confocal microscope An optical microscope that works by scanning a laser across the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001127 tandem-scanning microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001125 confocal microscope An optical microscope that works by using a spinning Nipkow disc, a wheel pierced by a spiral of pinholes, to illuminate small areas of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001128 adsorption chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the adsorption affinities of the sample components for the surface of an active solid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001129 displacement chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography Chromatography where the mobile phase contains a compound (the displacer) more strongly retained than the components of the sample under examination. The sample is fed into the system as a finite slug. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001130 glow discharge ion source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000960 ion source An ion source that produces ions by continuous sputtering of the sample by a glow discharge plasma, which is produced by passing a current of several hundred volts through a low pressiure gas, usually argon. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001132 laser ablation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A sample preparation method where material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001135 viscometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the viscosity of fluids by observing the relative motion of the fluid and an object. Viscometry is used to measure the molecular weight of polymers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001136 capillary viscometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001135 viscometry The determination of the viscosity of a fluid by measuring the time a defined volume of fluid requires to flow through a capillary tube of a specific length and width. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001137 in situ X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a structural domain, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001138 in situ synchrotron XRD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001137 in situ X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by detecting the positions and intensities of X-rays, that have been generated within a synchrotron, as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001139 scanning probe X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by scanning a finely focused (<10 μm2) beam of X-rays over the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001140 differential confocal microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000103 confocal microscopy Microscopy where visible light coming from the specimen (which is placed approximately half a confocal parameter from the focal plane along the optical axis of the microscope) is collected and guided through a pinhole before it is detected. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001141 207Pb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 207Pb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001142 207Pb magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001141 207Pb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 207Pb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001143 1H magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001144 93Nb solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001145 93Nb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states 93Nb nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001145 93Nb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 93Rb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001146 1H–13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000604 heteronuclear single quantum coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 13C nuclei to which they are covalently bound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001147 1H–15N heteronuclear single quantum coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000604 heteronuclear single quantum coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 15N nuclei to which they are covalently bound. Only the magnetisation of the 15N nucleus is allowed to evolve. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001148 1H–13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000601 heteronuclear multiple bond coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 13C nuclei which are 2 to 3 bonds removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001149 1H–15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000601 heteronuclear multiple bond coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 15N nuclei which are 2 to 3 bonds removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001150 1H–1H correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000599 correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons which are J-coupled (usually ≤3 bonds apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001151 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000607 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between protons that are spatially proximate within a molecule (≤6 \AA apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001152 small-angle X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a small angle (0–10°). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001153 small-angle X-ray diffraction data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000850 X-ray diffraction data Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the X-rays are incident on the sample at small angles (0–10 degrees). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001154 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001155 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001156 silicon-29 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000856 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are silicon-29 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001157 single pulse–pulsed laser polymerization–near-infrared technique http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000638 near-infrared absorption spectroscopy A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of monomers during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the monomer concentration is monitored by measuring absorbance in the near-infrared (0.8–2 μm) region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001158 single pulse-pulsed laser polymerization-electron spin resonance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy A technique for measuring the time-resolved concentration of radicals during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by a single pulse of laser radiation and the radical concentration is monitored by measuring response of the unpaired electrons to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001159 pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002834 polymerisation propagation rate coefficient determination A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001160 Raman circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000323 circular dichroism spectroscopy The observation of circular dichroism (the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light) in the Raman spectra of chiral molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001161 reflectance circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000323 circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential reflectance of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001162 pulsed laser polymerisation-size exclusion chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002834 polymerisation propagation rate coefficient determination A technique for measuring the propagation rate coefficient during polymerisation reactions. The polymerisation is initiated by laser irradiation and the chain length distribution is subsequently determined by size-exclusion chromatography and the composition of the copolymer products is determined by NMR. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001163 tensiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the surface tension of a liquid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001164 pendant-drop tensiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001163 tensiometry The measurement of surface tension by determining the distortion of drop by gravity, which elongates or flattens otherwise spherical drops. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001165 sessile-drop tensiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001163 tensiometry The measurement of surface tension by determining the shape of a droplet of liquid (with known surface energy) and the contact angle it makes with the surface of interest. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001166 dynamic-surface tensiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001163 tensiometry The measurement of the surface tension of a non-static liquid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001167 sorption-desorption measurement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001168 sorption measurement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001167 sorption-desorption measurement A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gaseous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001169 nitrogen sorption measurement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001168 sorption measurement A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of N2 that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001170 surface-enhanced Raman spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000823 Raman spectrum A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a sample adsorbed onto a highly scattering surface (e.g. Ag, Au or Cu). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001171 two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002422 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrum A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of homonuclear nuclei approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect. The resonance frequencies are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001172 1H two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001171 two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrum A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of protons approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect. The resonance frequencies are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001173 13C–13C nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000607 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 13C nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001174 transmission electron microscopy selected area electron diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy A method for determining structure by directing a beam of high energy (10–200 keV) electrons at the sample within a transmission electron microscope and recording the resulting diffraction pattern produced by any electrons transmitted through the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001175 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 27Al nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001176 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 27Al nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001177 para-hydrogen induced polarisation enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of protons derived from para-hydrogen (dihydrogen with an antisymmetric nuclear spin arrangement) placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. The non-Boltzmann spin population generated by para-hydrogen-derived protons gives rise to signal enhancement in the spectra, facilitating the detection of species present at low concentration. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001178 only para-hydrogen spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000789 pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic spectroscopy An NMR experiment where pulsed field gradients are used to filter thermal signals from NMR spectra whilst leaving those derived from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001179 1H only para-hydrogen spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001178 only para-hydrogen spectroscopy An NMR experiment where pulsed field gradients are used to filter thermal signals from 1H NMR spectra whilst leaving those derived from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001180 only para-hydrogen spectroscopy correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001178 only para-hydrogen spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). Thermal signals in the resulting spectra are then removed, whilst keeping the signals from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001181 1H-1H only para-hydrogen spectroscopy correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001180 only para-hydrogen spectroscopy correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <= 3 bonds apart). Thermal signals in the resulting 1H spectra are then removed, whilst keeping the signals from para-hydrogen-derived protons intact. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001182 laser light scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000166 light scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of scattered visible light. Light (from a laser source) is scattered by the electrons surrounding the atomic nuclei in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001183 matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000828 time-of-flight mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the mass-to-charge ratio is determined from the time they take to reach a detector. The sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix (such as dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001184 gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001019 electrophoresis A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001185 electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001184 gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001186 nano electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001185 electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis A separation method where singly-charged complexes move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in air under the influence of an electric field. The sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001187 gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of electrophoretic mobility diameter vs. particle count generated by separating singly-charged complexes in air under the influence of an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001188 electrospray ionisation gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001187 gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis spectrum A plot of electrophoretic mobility diameter vs. particle count generated by separating singly-charged complexes in air under the influence of an electric field. The complexes are charged by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1-10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001189 17O nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes oxygen-17 nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001190 17O magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001189 17O nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes oxygen-17 nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001191 51V magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes vanadium-51 nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001192 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that probes 7Li nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001193 14N magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 14N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001194 14N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 14N nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001195 Hadamard-encoded nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment in which multiple frequencies in an NMR spectrum are excited simultaneously over a broad frequency rnage using polychromatic pulses. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001196 Hadamard-encoded total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000605 total correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. All of the resonances in the spin system are excited by selecting only one line for excitation and the final spectrum consists of a series of 1D sub-spectra, each representing one spin system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001197 two-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000605 total correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001198 one-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000605 total correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. An individual 1H resonance is selected and inverted to yield a spectrum of all hydrogens directly or indirectly scalar coupled to it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001199 13C–13C total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001197 two-dimensional total correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and which reveal correlations between all 13C nuclei of a spin-system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001200 electrochemiluminescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000058 chemiluminescence detection The detection of luminescence emitted by electrochemically-generated intermediates during an electrochemical reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001201 multiple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment used for half-integer quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001202 satellite transition magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Central transitions are detected first, followed by satellite transitions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001203 satellite transition magic angle spinning with self-compensation for the magic angle misset http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001202 satellite transition magic angle spinning An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. In conventional magic angle spinning the spinning angle μst be very accurate, but this technique can self-compensate magic-angle errors of up to (+/- 1.0°). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001204 triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001201 multiple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning An NMR experiment used for 3/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001205 central transition magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000615 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001206 five-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001201 multiple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning An NMR experiment used for 5/2-spin quadrupolar nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001207 inverse satellite transition magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001202 satellite transition magic angle spinning An NMR experiment where the selective excitation of central and satellite transitions during magic angle spinning is used for recording high-resolution NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in solids. Satellite transitions are detected first, followed by central transitions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001208 87Rb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 87Rb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001209 anion-exchange chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001014 ion-exchange chromatography Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001210 cation-exchange chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001014 ion-exchange chromatography Column chromatography where cations are retained by negatively charged functional groups in the stationary phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002739 quantitative determination method The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001212 acid–base titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample (an acid or base) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a base or acid) until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001213 acidimetric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001212 acid–base titration Acid-base titration where the sample is a base and the titrant is an acid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001214 alkalimetric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001212 acid–base titration Acid-base titration where the sample is an acid and the titrant is a base. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001215 magnetic resonance method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay Any technique which detects the response of spins to a perturbing magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001216 optically detected magnetic resonance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001215 magnetic resonance method A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarisation or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001217 zero-field optically detected magnetic resonance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001216 optically detected magnetic resonance A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels at zero applied magnetic field are detected by optical means (i.e. the polarisation or the intensity of light emitted or absorbed by the sample depends on the population distribution in the spin levels). Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001218 absorption detected magnetic resonance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001216 optically detected magnetic resonance A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by light absorption. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001219 delayed emission detected magnetic resonance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001216 optically detected magnetic resonance A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed light emission. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001220 delayed fluorescence detected magnetic resonance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001219 delayed emission detected magnetic resonance A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by delayed fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001221 fluorescence detected magnetic resonance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001216 optically detected magnetic resonance A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by fluorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001222 phosphorescence detected magnetic resonance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001216 optically detected magnetic resonance A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by phosphorescence. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001223 reaction yield detected magnetic resonance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001215 magnetic resonance method A double resonance technique in which transitions between spin sublevels are detected by means of reaction yield. Usually these are sublevels of a triplet and the transitions are induced by microwaves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001224 activation analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001075 elemental analysis A kind of elemental or isotopic analysis based on the measurement of characteristic radiation from nuclides formed directly or indirectly by activation of the test portion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001225 absolute activation analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001224 activation analysis A kind of activation analysis in which the elemental concentrations in the material are calculated from known nuclear constants, irradiation and measurement parameters, rather than by comparing with known standards. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001226 analytical solution calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000682 calorimetry The measurement of the enthalpy change during chemical reaction in order to determine quantitative values of a reactant or catalyst. In general, at least one reactant is a liquid or solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001227 batch injection calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000682 calorimetry The measurement of the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction in order to measure the amount of the imiting reagent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001228 calorimetric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration performed in a calorimeter which produces a plot of heat change vs. volume of titrant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001229 catalymetric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration involves a catalyst, and the end-point is detected by the sudden increase or decrease in the rate of a reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001230 chelatometric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample (metal cation) by adding measured increments of a titrant (a chelating agent) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001231 catalysed chemiluminescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000058 chemiluminescence detection The detection of luminescence resulting from a thermal electron-transfer reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001232 continuous-flow calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000682 calorimetry A term used to describe methods wherein a reagent is continuously fed into a flowing analyte stream and the temperature difference is measured before and after a reactor (mixing chamber). Alternatively, the temperature may be measured in a differential manner between a reference and a reactor chamber. The analyte concentration is directly proportional to the measured temperature difference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001233 constant-current chronopotentiometric stripping http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000018 stripping potentiometry An electrochemical technique where the analyte of interest is electroplated onto the working electrode before being removed or 'stripped'. During removal the time-dependence of the potential difference between the indicator and reference electrodes is measured under conditions where the current passed is constant and sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001234 spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor A piece of apparatus used to measure a spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001235 Raman spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001234 spectrometer A piece of apparatus that consists of a laser, a beam splitter, an interferometer and a detector and is used to measure Raman spectra. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001237 confocal Raman microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001814 Raman microscope A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser beam (<10 μm diameter), a monochromator and a detector coupled to an optical microscope, which is used to measure Raman spectra. An aperture is used to discriminate between Raman signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001238 inversion recovery total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000605 total correlation spectroscopy A two-dimensional NMR experiment which shows correlations between all the nuclei of a spin system and also allows determination of T1 relaxation rates. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001239 inversion recovery http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method An NMR experiment which measures spin-lattice (T1) relaxation rates by acquiring spectra at different delay times following inversion of the spin-state populations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001240 differential scanning fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000287 fluorescence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected as it changes upon interaction of the molecule with its environment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001241 elastic recoil detection analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000433 ion scattering A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing an ion beam at the sample and detecting recoiled atoms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001242 heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001241 elastic recoil detection analysis A technique for measuring elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films by directing a heavy-ion (such as iodine-127) beam at the sample and detecting the recoiled atoms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001243 carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001247 charge transport measurement method A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional triangular-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001244 photoinduced carrier extraction in a linearly increasing voltage http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001243 carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage method A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying a short (ns) laser pulse to generate charge carriers. These charge carriers are then detected by applying a linearly increasing voltage and measuring the resulting current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001245 time-of-flight method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001247 charge transport measurement method A method for measuring charge transport by sandwhiching the sample between two parallel electrodes, one of which has to be semitransparent. A short light pulse is applied to the sample giving rise to charge carriers, which traverse through the sample generating a current which is then measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001246 carrier extraction using pulsed voltage method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001247 charge transport measurement method A method for measuring charge carrier mobilities and conductivities by applying two sequentional square-shaped voltage pulses and measuring the resulting current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001247 charge transport measurement method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay Any technique for measuring charge transport. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001248 field-effect transistor method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001247 charge transport measurement method A method for determining charge transport by incorporating the sample (as a thin film) into an FET. An electric field is applied to the sample (by means of the gate electrode) and the change in conductance between the source and drain electrodes is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001249 space-charge-limited current method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001247 charge transport measurement method A method for measuring density-of-state (DOS) distributions by injecting a nonequilibrium density of charges and measuring the resulting current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001250 fast-atom bombardment mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000806 mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are generated from the sample (which is held in a liquid matrix) by bombarding it with a stream of primary noble gas atoms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001251 magneto-optical rotatory dispersion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000785 optical rotatory dispersion The measurement of magneto-optical activity by placing the sample in a strong magnetic field and observing a beam of plane-polarized light which is directed along the magnetic field axis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001252 183W nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 183W nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001253 ultraviolet spectrophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000292 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the ultraviolet region (190–400 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001254 ultraviolet spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000799 electronic absorption spectrum A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation from the ultraviolet region (190–400 nm) range. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001255 electroluminescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000057 luminescence detection The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the application of an electric current or a strong electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001256 sonoluminescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000057 luminescence detection The detection of short bursts of light emitted from a liquid sample excited by sound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001257 photoluminescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000057 luminescence detection The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of irradiation with light. Photoluminescence includes both fluorescence and phosphorescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001258 electroluminescence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000864 luminescence spectrum A plot of intensity against wavelength obtained by measuring the intensity of radiation emitted by a sample through electroluminescence (emission of light as a result of the application of a current or an electric field) against wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001259 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001009 high-performance liquid chromatography Liquid chromatography where the inlet pressure is relatively high and the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase (which consists of very small particles), for example a microporous silica-based material with chemically bonded alkyl chains. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001260 pyrolysis gas chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001002 gas chromatography The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the volatile pyrolysates are then separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001261 pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000497 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first chemically degraded by heating then separated by gas chromatography then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001262 gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Any method where a sample mixture is first separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, then the absorption of radiation from the infrared region by the sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001263 pyrolysis gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001262 gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy Any method where a sample mixture is first chemically degraded by heating then separated by column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, then the absorption of radiation from the infrared region by the sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001264 pyrolysis infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001265 pyrolysis mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Spectrometry where the sample is chemically degraded by thermal energy then converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001266 synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000204 small-angle X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays (generated in a synchrotron) scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001268 desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000472 chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where ionisation is achieved using a corona discharge which directs a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001269 short-column chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001001 column chromatography A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube (of less than the standard length of 25 cm). The particles of the solid stationary phase or support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open-tubular column). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001270 continuous-wave electron spin resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000836 electron spin resonance spectrum A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against the magnetic field strength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001271 hyperfine sublevel correlation spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000836 electron spin resonance spectrum A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation. A two-dimensional spectrum which plots the resonance frequency of electrons in the same magnetic environment, obtained from spectroscopy ased on the electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) effect, where a sequence of four microwave pulses is applied to the sample and the stimulated spin-echo produced is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001272 electron spin-echo envelope modulation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001273 electron spin-echo envelope modulation spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000836 electron spin resonance spectrum A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to electron spin-echo envelope modulation against the resonant frequency of the unpaired electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001274 electrospray-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000580 time-of-flight mass spectrometry Time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is an initial electrospray ionisation stage. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001275 electrospray-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001274 electrospray-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry Tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is an initial electrospray ionisation stage. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001276 size-exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography A type of column chromatography where a sample mixture is first separated according to molecular size, then subjected to chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001277 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000543 high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001278 capillary high-performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001009 high-performance liquid chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles held in a tube of diameter less than a millimetre, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001279 nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001009 high-performance liquid chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001280 reversed-phase nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001279 nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and is significantly more polar than the stationary phase, which consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the flow rate is nL min-1. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001281 nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000543 high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (flow rate nL min-1) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised by mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001282 nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000578 high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry A method where the sample mixture is first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography before being ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of nL min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance by two mass spectrometers in series. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001283 reversed-phase nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001281 nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry where the sample mixture is first separated by reversed-phase nanoflow high performance liquid chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001284 nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray-ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002719 quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry where there is a nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography separation step and an electrospray-ionisation mass selection step. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001285 gravimetric analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay A method used to determine an analyte on the basis of a mass of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001286 quartz crystal microgravimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001285 gravimetric analysis A method used to measure the mass (micrograms) per unit area of a sample using a quartz crystal microbalance (a piece of apparatus that measures the change in frequency of a quartz crystal sandwiched between a pair of electrodes as a function of the mass of the sample). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001287 calorimeter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor A piece of apparatus that is used to measure the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001288 sum-frequency generation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000628 vibrational spectroscopy A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001289 laser desorption–ionisation mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000806 mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the ions are obtained by vaporisation and ionisation using a high-energy pulsed laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001290 time-resolved microwave conductivity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001247 charge transport measurement method A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a laser pulse, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001291 pulse radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001290 time-resolved microwave conductivity A technique allowing the quantitative and qualitative detection of radiation-induced charge separation by time-resolved measurement of the changes in microwave absorption resulting from the production and decay of charged and dipolar molecular entities. In a typical pulse-radiolysis TRMC experiment, separated charge carriers, which are generated by a nanosecond pulse of 3-MeV electrons, lead to a perturbation of the initial microwave absorbance. The temporal decay of the conductivity signal (i.e. microwave absorbance) reflects the lifetime of the electrogenerated carriers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001292 vacuum deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a vapour, at sub-atmospheric pressure, onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001293 glancing-incidence X-ray reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000219 X-ray reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a low angle (<5 deg) toward an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected X-rays as a function of angle. X-ray reflectometry is used to determine the structure of thin films. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001294 thin-film X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A range of techniques used to determine the structure of thin films by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. Techniques include glancing-incidence X-ray reflectivity and pole figure measurements. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001295 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 23Na nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001296 23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001295 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states 23Na nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001297 23Na magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001296 23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 23Na nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001298 sodium-23 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000856 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are sodium-23 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001299 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of the resonance frequency of nuclei in the same magnetic environment on a scale relative to their resonance frequency and with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei in those environments for solid samples. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001300 sodium-23 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001299 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for sodium-23 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A method used to synthesise a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001302 assembly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method The process of individual components of a sample associating to form a new pattern or structure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001303 Langmuir–Blodgett assembly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001302 assembly A method of depositing crystalline films one molecular layer at a time, by dipping the substrate into water containing a polymer that forms a single layer of molecular chains on the surface. This layer is then transferred from the water to the substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001304 layer-by-layer assembly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001302 assembly A synthesis method in which thin films of oppositely charged layers are deposited in sequence. Positive or negative charged species are adsorbed onto the sample surface by dipping the substrate into solutions. The excess solution, after each adsorption step, is rinsed with solvent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001305 self-assembly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001302 assembly A process where the components of a sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming an organised structure or pattern. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001306 evaporation-induced self-assembly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001305 self-assembly A synthesis method in which a drop of solvent is placed on the components to be assembled and allowed to dry freely in air. The solvent evaporation causes the spontaneous association of individual components into an organised structure or pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001307 molecular self-assambly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001305 self-assembly A process where molecules spontaneously adopt a defined arrangement. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001308 templated self-assembly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001305 self-assembly A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, forming a organised structure or pattern on a physical template. Individual building blocks associate into more complex (higher-order) structures during self-assembly. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001309 breath-figure templating http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002213 polymer synthesis method The method of using hexagonally-packed water microspheres as templates for the fabrication of microporous polymer films. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution, suspension or vapour onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001311 atomic layer deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition A thin film deposition technique based on the sequential reaction of gaseous precursors at a surface to produce a monolayer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001312 chemical solution deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001313 sol–gel method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002063 colloid method The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in ceramic materials. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a substrate by spinning, dipping or coating, or transferred to a mould. The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001315 aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more involatile precursors, suspended in a liquid–gas aerosol (generated ultrasonically), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001316 atmospheric-pressure chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001317 atomic layer chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a monolayer deposit. The surface reaction is self-limiting resulting in a nanometre thickness of film. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001318 direct liquid injection chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more liquid precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001319 hot wire chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose (catalysed by a hot filament) on the surface to produce a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001320 hybrid physical–chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method that involves both the chemical decomposition of a precursor gas and the vaporization of a solid source e.g. the growth of MgB2 involves both diborane gas and solid Mg. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001321 laser chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where a laser-heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001322 low-pressure chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, at less than atmospheric pressure, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001323 ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001322 low-pressure chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors under ultrahigh vacuum (<10^{-6} Pa), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001324 metal–organic chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to volatile precursors (one of which is an organometallic compound) which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001325 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001314 chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a plasma (a partially ionised gas, containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001326 microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001325 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, in the presence of a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons), which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction on the substrate surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001327 remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001325 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors which react or decompose in a plasma (a partially ionised gas, containing free electrons) and are then transferred to the surface to produce a deposit. The plasma enhances the rate of reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001328 rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002330 thermal chemical vapour deposition A synthesis method where a rapidly heated substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react or decompose on the surface to produce a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001329 dry deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition The process of the settling of particles (atoms or molecules) from a gas or vapor onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in the growth of a new phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001330 electrophoretic deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition Any synthesis process where colloidal particles suspended in a liquid medium migrate under the influence of an electric field and are deposited on an electrode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001331 electrochemical deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001330 electrophoretic deposition A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001332 photoelectrochemical deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001331 electrochemical deposition A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface (an electrode). Three electrodes are required (working, counter and reference) and when sufficient current is passed through the solution, accompanied by irradiation with UV light, metal ions are reduced at the working electrode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001333 electroless metal deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002154 metallisation A synthesis method in which a film of solid metal is deposited from a solution of ions onto an electrically conducting surface. No external power source is required, but a reductant is added to the solution to initiate the reduction of the metal ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001334 multi-metal deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001333 electroless metal deposition A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with a solution containing silver acetate and hydroquinone which causes the reduction of silver ions, producing a silver deposit on the exisiting gold layer. multi-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001335 single-metal deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001333 electroless metal deposition A development method where the substrate is first immersed in a colloidal gold solution (containing negatively charged gold particles) at low pH. Gold subsequently deposits on any organic molecules containing postively charged groups at this pH. In the second step, the surface is treated with another solution containing gold chloride and hydroxylamine which causes the reduction of gold ion, producing a further gold deposit on the exisiting gold layer. Single-metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001336 epitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001337 atomic layer epitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001336 epitaxy A synthesis method that consists of depositing alternating monolayers of two elements onto a substrate. The deposition is self-limiting and is completed when all available chemisorption sites are occupied. Film thickness is controlled by the number of precursor cycles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001338 heteroepitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001336 epitaxy A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) of one substance, on a monocrystalline substrate of a different substance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001339 homoepitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001336 epitaxy A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or gaseous precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate of the same substance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001340 liquid-phase epitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001336 epitaxy A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from liquid or melt precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001341 molecular beam epitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001336 epitaxy A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). Molecular beam epitaxy is very slow, with a deposition rate of <1000 nm per hour. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001342 gas-source molecular beam epitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001341 molecular beam epitaxy A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of reactive gases) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001343 metal–organic molecular beam epitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001341 molecular beam epitaxy A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a molecular beam of organometallic precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001344 solid-source molecular beam epitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001341 molecular beam epitaxy A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from a beam of evapourated metal particles) on a monocrystalline substrate under high vacuum (<10^{-8} Pa). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001345 solid-phase epitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001336 epitaxy A synthesis method which consists of depositing an amorphous film on a monocrystalline substrate, then heating the substrate to crystallise the film. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001346 vapour-phase epitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001336 epitaxy A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film (from vapour-phase precursors) on a monocrystalline substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001347 hydride vapour-phase epitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001346 vapour-phase epitaxy A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from vapour-phase precursors (in hydrogen or ammonia carrier gases), on a monocrystalline substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001348 metal–organic vapour-phase epitaxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001346 vapour-phase epitaxy A synthesis method which consists of depositing a monocrystalline film, from organometallic vapour-phase precursors, on a monocrystalline substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001349 jet deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition A synthesis method where a flow of precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001350 aerosol jet deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001349 jet deposition A synthesis method where an aerosol containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001351 gas jet deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001349 jet deposition A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001352 ultrasonic gas jet deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001351 gas jet deposition A synthesis method where a flow of carrier gas (moving faster than the speed of sound) containing vaporised precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001353 plasma jet deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001349 jet deposition A synthesis method where a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) containing precursors is projected onto a surface, resulting in a deposit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001354 micropen lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition A synthesis method where a pattern or ink layer is deposited on a substrate using a liquid dispensed through a microsized conical nozzle. The movement of the 'micropen' is controlled by a computer program. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001355 photodeposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition A synthesis technique where a monomer is irradiated with UV light, causing cross-linking and the deposition of a polymer film on a substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001356 physical vapour deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition A synthesis technique where vaporized molecules or atoms condense on a surface, forming a thin layer. The process is purely physical; no chemical reaction occurs at the surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001357 cathodic arc deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001356 physical vapour deposition A synthesis technique where an electric arc is used to vaporize material from a cathode target. The vaporized material then condenses on a substrate, forming a thin film. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001358 electron-beam-induced deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001356 physical vapour deposition A synthesis method where an electron beam is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition of a solid on a nearby substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001359 ion beam-induced deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001356 physical vapour deposition A synthesis method where an ion beam (e.g. Ga+) is used to decompose gaseous molecules leading to deposition on a nearby substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001360 thermal evaporation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001356 physical vapour deposition A synthesis technique where the material to be deposited is heated until evaporation in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and eventually deposits as a thin film by condensing on a (cold) substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001361 metal evaporation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002154 metallisation A synthesis technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (<10^{-4} Pa) and a metal electrode (e.g. Au, Cr, Zn or Pt) is melted and evaporated by passing a current through it. When the metal atoms hit the (μch cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001362 vacuum metal deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001361 metal evaporation A development technique where the substrate is placed in a vacuum (10^{-4} Pa) and two metal electrodes are melted and evaporated (sequentionally) by passing a current through them. When the metal atoms hit the (μch cooler) substrate they condense into nanoscale particles, forming a thin deposit on the surface. When vacuum metal deposition is used to enhance latent fingermarks on polymer surfaces, a Au layer is applied first, followed by a μch thicker Zn layer (which does not deposit on the fingermark ridges). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001363 pulsed laser deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001356 physical vapour deposition A synthesis technique where a high-power pulsed laser beam is focused (inside a vacuum chamber) onto a target of the desired composition. Material is then vaporized from the target ('ablation') and deposited as a thin film on a substrate facing the target. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001364 sputter deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001356 physical vapour deposition A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons or energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001365 barrel sputter deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001364 sputter deposition Sputter deposition where the substrate is held in a barrel which is swung from side-to-side to ensure even deposition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001366 ion-assisted deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001364 sputter deposition Sputter deposition where a secondary ion beam is then used to remove any partially bound atoms from the substrate surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001367 ion-beam sputter deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001364 sputter deposition Sputter deposition where the energetic ions come from an external ion source, which generates a focused ion beam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001368 magnetron sputter deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001364 sputter deposition Sputter deposition where the ion source is a magnetron. The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001369 high power impulse magnetron sputter deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001364 sputter deposition Magnetron sputter deposition where the ionisation process uses extremely high power densities of the order of kW cm-2 in short pulses. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001370 radio frequency sputter deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001364 sputter deposition A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) generated in a magnetron (a device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. The sign of the anode-cathode bias is varied at a high rate to avoid charge build-up on insulating targets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001371 plasma sputter deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001364 sputter deposition A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionisation of the neutral gas atoms requires a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) source to be generated by passing an electrical discharge through the chamber, with the target acting as the cathode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001372 high-target-utilization sputter deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001371 plasma sputter deposition A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. Ionisation of the neutral gas atoms requires an external plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) source, which generates an ion beam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001373 reactive sputter deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001364 sputter deposition A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then react with a gas that is introduced into the chamber and the products deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001374 reactive spray deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition A synthesis technique where a metal-containing precursor, dissolved in a solvent, is atomised and ignited. During combustion the flame is directed at the substrate resulting in the deposition of a thin layer of metal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001375 supercritical spray deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition A synthesis method where a solid material is dissolved in a supercritical fluid (at elevated pressure) which is forced through a small orifice into a region of relatively low pressure. This produces a molecular spray which is directed against a substrate where it deposits as a thin film. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001376 thin-film deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition Any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001377 hydrothermal synthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001378 infiltration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid or vapor. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001379 chemical vapour infiltration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001378 infiltration The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001380 temperature-gradient chemical vapour infiltration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001379 chemical vapour infiltration The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour, accelerated by a temperature gradient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001381 forced-flow chemical vapour infiltration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001379 chemical vapour infiltration The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from a vapour held at high pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001382 pressure-pulsed chemical vapour infiltration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001379 chemical vapour infiltration The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a vapour which is applied as a series of high pressure pulses. This results in a multilayer structure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001383 gas-phase infiltration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001378 infiltration The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a gas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001384 liquid polymer infiltration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001378 infiltration The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with polymer precursors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001385 liquid-phase infiltration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001378 infiltration The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, a liquid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001386 liquid silicon infiltration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001385 liquid-phase infiltration The process of filling in the pores of a material (e.g. a ceramic) by reaction with, or deposition from, liquid silicon. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001387 ionothermal synthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method A synthesis method for growing single crystals from an ionic liquid in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001388 lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002146 patterning Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001389 colloidal lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001388 lithography Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a material (a 'resist') by exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles through a mask composed of a close-packed colloidal array. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties. Excess material is then removed, by a liquid 'developer' or an etching process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001390 microlithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001388 lithography Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a microsized pattern to a material (a 'resist') by selective exposure to a radiation source (e.g. light or X-rays) or to a beam of charged particles. Upon irradiation, the material experiences a change in its physical properties which changes its response to a developer solution (making it either soluble or insoluble). The desired pattern is then obtained by removing any excess resist with the developer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001391 nanolithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001388 lithography Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001392 nanoimprint lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001391 nanolithography A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001393 electrochemical nanoimprint lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001392 nanoimprint lithography A synthesis technique that uses an electrochemical reaction to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A superionic conductor (e.g. Ag2S) stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is pressed onto a metal substrate. When a voltage is applied across the substrate and stamp, metal ions move from the substrate to the stamp leaving behind the complementary pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001394 laser-assisted direct imprint lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001392 nanoimprint lithography A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on a silicon substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist and a single laser pulse (XeCl excimer laser) is applied to melt the top layer of silicon. The molten silicon flows into the pattern then rapidly solidifies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001395 thermoplastic nanoimprint lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001392 nanoimprint lithography A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001396 lithographically induced self-assembly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001395 thermoplastic nanoimprint lithography A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A mould containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then held above the resist, whilst both the substrate and mould are heated to the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The resist is then cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. During the heat–cool cycle the initially flat polymer film self-assembles into periodic supramolecular pillar arrays. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001397 roller nanoimprint lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001395 thermoplastic nanoimprint lithography A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of resist (a thermoplastic polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A stamp containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is placed on the substrate. A roller, heated to the glass transition temperature of the resist, is then used to press the stamp into the resist. The resist is cooled and any residual resist in the cast area is removed by an anisotropic etching process such as reactive ion etching. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001398 photo nanoimprint lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001392 nanoimprint lithography A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. fused silica) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001399 step-and-flash imprint lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001398 photo nanoimprint lithography A synthesis technique that uses mechanical deformation and cross-linking to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photosensitive organosilicon resist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent stamp (e.g. quartz) containing the desired (nanosized) pattern on its surface is then pressed into the resist, which is exposed to UV light. Any unexposed areas of polymer are removed by reactive ion etching. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001400 particle-beam lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001388 lithography A type of lithography where electrons or ions are used to generate pattern, which is transferred to a resist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001401 electron-beam lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001400 particle-beam lithography A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (10–20 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001402 low-energy electron-beam lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001401 electron-beam lithography A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist') and a beam of electrons (1 keV) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001403 low-energy e-beam proximity lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001401 electron-beam lithography A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of moderately low energy electrons (2 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask (held up to 50 μm from the substrate surface). The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001404 electron-beam projection lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001401 electron-beam lithography A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The electron beam can be focused using either electric or magnetic fields. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001405 projection reduction exposure with variable axis immersion lense http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001404 electron-beam projection lithography A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across a patterned mask. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). The lens system used to focus the electron beam has a 4-times magnification and a 250 μm2 exposure field, and was developed by IBM and Nikon. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001406 scattering with angular limitation projection electron-beam lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001401 electron-beam lithography A synthesis technique that uses electrons to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of electrons (100 keV) is scanned across an ultrathin (<150 nm thickness) low-atomic-number patterned mask. Many of the electrons are scattered by the mask, so the image is formed only by those electrons that pass through the membrane without scattering. The electrons induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001407 ion-beam lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001400 particle-beam lithography A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across it in a patterned fashion. The ions induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001408 ion projection lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001407 ion-beam lithography A synthesis technique that uses ions to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a focused ion beam (75 keV He ions) is scanned across a patterned mask inducing chemical reactions in the resist. The desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001409 near-field phase shift lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001388 lithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. A transparent PDMS mask with the desired pattern (in relief) on its surface is placed in contact with the photoresist layer. UV light (300–460 nm) is then used to cross-link the polymer. Light passing through the stamp is modulated in the near-field by the relief of the mask such that the edges of the relief structures correspond to nulls in the intensity of the light. The polymer is cross-linked in the remaining areas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001410 photolithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001388 lithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense (typically UV) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001411 double patterning lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001410 photolithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to two different patterns of intense (typically UV) light using two different masks. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001413 immersion lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001410 photolithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then immersed in a liquid with RI >1 (e.g. highly purified water) and exposed to a pattern of intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001414 interference lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001410 photolithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of two or more coherent light sources. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001415 multiple-laser-beam interference lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001414 interference lithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light generated by the interference of multiple coherent lasers. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001416 microscope projection photolithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001410 photolithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. A reduced image of the desired pattern is then projected on the photoresist using a microscope and the substrate is exposed to intense (typically UV) light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001417 ultraviolet lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001410 photolithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001418 contact lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001417 ultraviolet lithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. A mask ('photomask') with the desired pattern is then placed in contact with the substrate and both are exposed to intense UV light. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001419 continuous-flow lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001417 ultraviolet lithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a continuous stream of resist inside a microchannel, leading to the formation of solid structures almost instantaneously. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001420 lock-release lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001417 ultraviolet lithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer inside microchannel. Objects generated by this process are 'locked' by relief structures in the channel, before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001421 deep-ultraviolet lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001417 ultraviolet lithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense UV (240 nm) light and a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001422 extreme ultraviolet lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001417 ultraviolet lithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of photoresist (a polymer) is deposited on the substrate by spin coating. The photoresist-coated substrate is then heated to drive off excess solvent ('soft-baked', 'prebaked', 'post-application baked', PAB), typically at 90–100 °C. The photoresist is then exposed to a pattern of intense EUV (13.5 nm) light in a vacuum. A post-exposure bake (PEB) at 120–180 °C is performed before immersing the substrate in a 'developer' which removes excess photoresist. Positive photoresist becomes soluble in the developer when exposed; negative photoresist becomes insoluble in the developer. Finally the substrate is baked again ('hard-baked') to solidify the remaining photoresist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001423 stop-flow lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001417 ultraviolet lithography A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern to a substrate. Shuttered pulses (30–100 ms) of mask-defined UV (365 nm) light are flashed into a stationery layer of monomer, which is sandwiched inside a microchannel before being flushed out. The process is then repeated in a cyclic manner. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001424 scanning near-field photolithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001388 lithography A synthesis method which uses light and a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to transfer a pattern to a substrate. A solution of an alkanethiol is deposited on the substrate, forming a SAM. UV light (244 nm) from a scanning near-field optical microscope (aperture size = 50 nm) is then used to oxidise the SAM in certain areas. Either the oxidised areas of the SAM, or the gold corresponding to those areas, is then removed by etching. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001425 soft lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001388 lithography Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, moulds, and conformable photomasks prepared from liquid polymer precursors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001426 multi-layer soft lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001425 soft lithography Any synthesis technique which uses elastomeric stamps, molds, and conformable photomasks prepared from multiple liquid polymer precursors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001427 moulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001425 soft lithography Any process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) hardens or sets inside the mould, adopting its shape. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001428 blow moulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001427 moulding A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is heated and shaped into a tube then a pressurized gas, usually air, is used to expand the plastic and press it against the mould. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001429 compression moulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001427 moulding A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The pre-heated material is first placed in an open, heated mould which is then closed before pressure is applied to it. The applied pressure forces the softened polymer to adopt the shape of the mould. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001430 injection moulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001427 moulding A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mould where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mould. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001431 micromoulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001427 moulding A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001432 multi-layer micromoulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001431 micromoulding A process for shaping pliable polymer material using multiple microsized rigid frames or models called 'moulds'. The polymer material (in liquid form) is injected into a mould using a small diameter piston and then allowed to harden or set inside the mould, adopting its shape. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001433 micromoulding in capillaries http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001431 micromoulding A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is brought into contact with a rigid substrate, forming microchannels. The polymer material (in fluid form) fills these microchannels by capillary action. The polymer material is then cooled or cross-linked. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001434 solvent-assisted micromoulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001431 micromoulding A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is wetted with a thin layer of solvent. When the polymer is brought into contact with the mould, the top layer of polymer dissolves and expands, filling the mould. The solvent is then allowed to evaporate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001435 rotational moulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001427 moulding A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The plastic is placed in a heated mould, which is slowly rotated causing the melted plastic to flow into to the mould and stick to its walls. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001436 transfer moulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001427 moulding A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001437 microtransfer moulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001436 transfer moulding A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001438 nanotransfer moulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001436 transfer moulding A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a nanosized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. The mould is filled with a prepolymer then the whole assembly is transferred to a flat substrate where the prepolymer is cross-linked and the mould removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001439 replica moulding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001427 moulding A process for shaping pliable polymer materials using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A mould is cast from the object to be replicated. This mould is then filled with a prepolymer, which is cross-linked and the resulting polymer is peeled off the mould. Using a mould, rather than the object itself, allows multiple copies to be made without damaging the original. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001440 microcontact printing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001425 soft lithography A synthesis method for transferring a pattern to a gold surface. A PDMS stamp is coated in an alkanethiol and then brought into contact with a gold surface. Thiol from the wet region generates patterned features of SAMs on the gold surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001441 patterning by etching at the nanoscale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001425 soft lithography A process for shaping pliable polymer material using a microsized rigid frame or model called a 'mould'. A PDMS mould is etched with a fluoride-containing substance (breaking Si–O bonds at the surface). The fresh PDMS surface then reacts with a prepolymer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001442 X-ray lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001388 lithography A synthesis technique which uses X-rays to transfer a pattern to a substrate. The substrate is coated with a film (or 'resist) and a beam of X-rays is scanned across a patterned mask. The mask consists of an X-ray absorber (e.g. Au) on a membrane that is transparent to X-rays (e.g. SiC). The X-rays induce chemical reactions in the resist and the desired pattern is obtained by selectively removing either exposed or non-exposed regions of the resist ('developing'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001443 mechanosynthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method A synthesis method in which the reaction outcome is determined by the use of mechanical constraints to direct reactive molecules to specific molecular sites. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001444 reforming http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001445 aqueous-phase reforming http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001444 reforming The reaction of biomass-derived oxygenated compounds (e.g. glycerol) in aqueous solution at low temperature in the presence of a platinum catalyst to produce hydrogen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001446 catalytic reforming http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001444 reforming Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001447 electrochemical catalytic reforming http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001446 catalytic reforming Any process in which the molecular structure of a hydrocarbon is rearranged to alter its properties (e.g. its combustion characteristics) in the presence of a metal catalyst and under a high pressure of H2 gas. An electric current is used to heat the catalyst. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001449 autothermal reforming http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001448 thermal reforming The reaction of hydrocarbons with oxygen and carbon dioxide at 950–1100 °C to form syngas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001450 steam reforming http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001448 thermal reforming The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in order to produce hydrogen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001451 catalytic steam reforming http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001450 steam reforming The reaction of hydrocarbons with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001452 catalytic steam reforming of methanol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001451 catalytic steam reforming The reaction of methanol with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001453 steam methane reforming http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001451 catalytic steam reforming The reaction of natural gas with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001454 unmixed reforming http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001451 catalytic steam reforming The reaction of natural gas or syngas with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. The nickel catalyst is then oxidised with air and finally reduced back to the metal using more hydrocarbon gas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001455 catalytic steam reforming of ethanol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001451 catalytic steam reforming The reaction of ethanol with steam at high temperature (700–1000 °C) in the presence of a nickel catalyst, in order to produce hydrogen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001456 scanning probe lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method Any synthesis technique where a scanning probe microscope is used to pattern surfaces either constructively (by depositing a substance) or destructively (by etching a pattern in a surface). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001457 dip-pen nanolithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001456 scanning probe lithography A synthesis technique where an atomic force microscope is used to pattern surfaces with molecules or particles. An AFM tip is coated with a chemical compound or biomolecule and put in contact with a substrate, where transfer takes place. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001458 solvothermal synthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method A synthesis method for growing single crystals from a non-aqueous solution in an autoclave (a thick-walled steel vessel) at high temperature (400 °C) and pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001459 template-directed synthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method A synthesis method which relies on the use of reversible noncovalent bonding interactions between molecular building blocks in order to preorganise them into a certain relative geometry as a prelude to covalent bond formation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001460 peptisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing Reversal of coagulation or flocculation, i.e., the dispersion of aggregates to form a colloidally stable suspension or emulsion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001462 buffer solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material A solution that contains a conjugate acid–base pair in equilibria and hence resists changes to its pH near the pK value of the acid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001463 borate buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001462 buffer solution A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by a boric acid–borate anion equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001464 ageing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing Any time-dependent change of the properties of a precipitate e.g. loss of water or growth of crystals as a result of prolonged heat treatment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001465 annealing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002770 sample heating A heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001466 atomisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001467 calcination http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002770 sample heating The heating of a sample to high temperatures in air or oxygen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001468 carbo-reduction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A process in which a metal oxide is reduced in the presence of carbon or a carbon-containing compound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001469 ceramisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A process in which a ceramic precursor is converted into a ceramic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001470 coating method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The application of a thin cover to a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001471 dip coating http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001470 coating method The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal'), and allowing it to drain. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001472 spin coating http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001470 coating method A coating method for applying a thin (<1 μm thickness) cover to flat substrates where an excess amount of coating solution (in a volatile solvent) is placed on the substrate, which is then rotated at high speed (8000 rpm) for approximately 30 s in order to spread the solution by centripetal force. The solvent then evaporates, leaving a thin film. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001473 combustion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing An exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (usually oxygen) which is sometimes accompanied by the production of light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001474 sample cooling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The transfer of thermal energy from a sample to its surrounding environment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001475 laser cooling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001474 sample cooling A technique for cooling atoms by directing two laser beams (with energy just below an electronic transition) at the sample from opposite directions. Scattering of the laser photons by the atoms in the sample reduces their kinetic energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001476 melt cooling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001474 sample cooling The process of allowing a sample (a glass or polymer) at its melting point to cool at a controlled rate in order to cause changes in morphology or properties. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001477 crystallisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002916 sample solidification The formation of a crystalline solid from a solution, melt vapour, or a different solid phase, generally by lowering the temperature or by evaporation of a solvent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001478 cocrystallisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001477 crystallisation The simultaneous crystallisation of two different substances or two different structural elements of the same substance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001479 fractional crystallisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001477 crystallisation The stepwise crystallisation of two or more different substances induced by changes in concentration or temperature. The sample is mixed with a solvent, heated, and then gradually cooled so that, as each of its constituent components crystallises, it can be removed in its pure form from the solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001480 curing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A chemical process in which a prepolymer or polymer is converted into a polymer of higher molar mass and then into a network. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001481 electron beam curing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001480 curing A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with an electron beam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001482 photochemical curing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001480 curing A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001483 thermal curing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001480 curing A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon application of heat. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001484 densification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The removal of impurities and elimination of pores from a xerogel (a gel that has been dried with unhindered shrinkage). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001485 derivatisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derivatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001486 post-column derivatisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001485 derivatisation The transformation of a chemical compound (the 'educt') following column chromatography into another similar compound (the 'derivative') by altering one or more of its functional groups. Derviatisation is generally perfomed to alter reactivity or change a physical property such as solubility, boiling point, melting point, thermal stability etc. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001487 decomposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The breakdown of a single phase into two or more phases by heating or treatment with acid, alkali or enzymes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001488 chemical decomposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001487 decomposition The breakdown of a single entity (normal molecule, reaction intermediate, etc.) into two or more fragments http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001489 sample digestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001487 decomposition The decomposition of a sample into liquid form by treatment with enzymes or strong acids or alkalis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001490 wet digestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001489 sample digestion The decomposition of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents in order to solubilise it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001491 acid digestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001490 wet digestion The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001492 bomb digestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001491 acid digestion The decomposition of a sample in strong acids such as nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid in a sealed vessel (lined with PTFE), under high pressure and high temperature, in order to obtain the sample in liquid form. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001493 base digestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001490 wet digestion The decompositon of a sample in strong alkalis (e.g. NaOH) to obtain the sample in liquid form. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001494 enzyme digestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001489 sample digestion The decomposition of sample by an enzyme to obtain the sample in liquid form. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001495 partial sample digestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001489 sample digestion The decomposition of only part of a sample by the addition of liquid reagents to solubilise it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001496 microwave digestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001489 sample digestion The assisted solubilisation of a sample by the application of radiation in the 1-1000 mm region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001497 ultraviolet photolysis digestion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001489 sample digestion The decomposition of a sample by placing it in an organic matrix and irradiating the matrix with radiation in the range 200-435 nm (indirectly, using a mirror). OH radicals generated from the matrix react with the sample, degrading it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001498 enzymic decomposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001487 decomposition The conversion of a high-molecular-mass species into a lower-molecular-mass species using an enzyme. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001499 spinodal decomposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001487 decomposition A clustering reaction in a homogeneous, supersaturated solution (solid or liquid) which is unstable against infinitesimal fluctuations in density or composition. The solution therefore separates spontaneously into two phases, starting with small fluctuations and proceeding with a decrease in the Gibbs energy without a nucleation barrier. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001500 thermal decomposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002770 sample heating The separation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds by heating it to a high temperature (approx. 1000 °C). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001501 gasification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001500 thermal decomposition The conversion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass) into CO and H2 by heating with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called a 'syngas'. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001500 thermal decomposition The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy. The term pyrolysis generally refers to heating in an inert environment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001503 analytical pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The characterisation, in an inert atmosphere, of a material or a chemical process by a chemical degradation reaction induced by thermal energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001504 catalytic pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of a catalyst. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001505 flash pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample caused by a fast rate of temperature increase (10,000 K/s). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001506 fractionated pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of different fractions of the same sample by heating at different temperatures for different times. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001507 furnace pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample caused by passing a carrier gas (H2, O2, N2 etc.) over the sample in a heated furnace. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001508 ion-source pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the reactor is located within the ion source of a mass spectrometer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001509 isothermal pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the temperature is held constant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001510 laser pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis A technique used to synthesize ultrafine powders by heating a mixture of reactant vapour and inert gas with a laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001511 off-line pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in which the products of a reaction are trapped before analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001512 oxidative pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an oxidative atmosphere. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001513 pressure-monitored pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy during which the pressure of the volatile pyrolysates is recorded. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001514 reductive pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy in the presence of an reductive atmosphere. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001515 sequential pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The repeated chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy under the same conditions of time, temperature etc. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001516 spray pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample caused by spraying it, as a liquid mixture, onto a heated substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001517 steam pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample caused by heating it, as a vapour, with steam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001518 stepwise pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample by thermal energy where the temperature is raised in a stepwise manner and the pyrolysates are recorded between each step. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001519 vacuum pyrolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001502 pyrolysis The chemical degradation of a sample (usually an organic material) by heating it in a vacuum in order to decrease its boiling point and avoid adverse chemical reactions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001520 thermolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001500 thermal decomposition The uncatalysed cleavage of one or more covalent bonds resulting from exposure of a compound to a raised temperature, or a process in which such cleavage is an essential part. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001521 flash vacuum thermolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001500 thermal decomposition The reaction of a molecule by exposing it to a short thermal shock at high temperature, usually in the gas phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001522 dialysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001523 electrodialysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001522 dialysis The selective separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane under the influence of an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001524 micro-dialysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001522 dialysis The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane. The membrane is attached to a small probe (<10 μm diameter) which is inserted into the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001525 sample dispersion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001526 colloidal dispersion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001525 sample dispersion A sample preparation method where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001527 matrix solid-phase dispersion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001525 sample dispersion A technique for the preparation and extraction of solid and viscous samples. The sample is blended with a bonded-phase solid support (such as silica) using a glass pestle to obtain a semi-dry material. The blended sample is then packed into a cartridge and eluted. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001528 dissection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The disassembly of an object to determine its internal structure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001529 micro-dissection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001528 dissection The disassembly of a small part of an object (<10 μm diameter) to determine its internal structure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001530 laser micro-dissection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001529 micro-dissection A type of dissection where a laser is coupled to a microscope and focused onto a biological sample (e.g. tissue) on the slide. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001531 laser capture micro-dissection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001530 laser micro-dissection A method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue using a microscope coupled to a UV laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001532 distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001533 batch distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001532 distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. Distillation is completed before more sample mixture is added. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001534 continuous distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001532 distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The distillation is ongoing with sample mixture being continuously added. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001535 extractive distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001532 distillation A method of separating two components of very similar boiling point from a mixture. A third, miscible and high-boiling-point solvent is added to the mixture which causes a change in the volatilities of the components. These components are then vaporised by the application of heat and cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001536 fractional distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001532 distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise into a condenser where they are cooled by water. The vapours stick to the inside surface of the condenser where they continue to be heated until they vaporise again. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001537 reactive distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001532 distillation A method of separating a lower-boiling-point product from its reactants in a reaction mixture. The product is vaporised by the application of heat and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001538 simple distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001532 distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. This method can only be used to separate mixtures where the components differ widely in boiling point (by approx. 25°). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001539 steam distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001532 distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a sample mixture are vaporised by bubbling steam through it and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001540 vacuum distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001532 distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001541 air-sensitive vacuum distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001540 vacuum distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. The vacuum is replaced by an inert gas once the distillation is complete. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001542 molecular distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001540 vacuum distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components in a high-boiling-point sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat at low pressure (< 0.01 Torr) and then cooled by the action of cold water in a condenser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001543 short-path distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001540 vacuum distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for compounds which are unstable at high temperatures because it allows a lower boiling temperature to be used. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001544 droplet dispensing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The controlled dropwise release of a liquid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001545 acoustic droplet dispensing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001544 droplet dispensing The dropwise release of a liquid using a focused acoustic beam to eject a controlled droplet from an open pool of liquid. When the acoustic beam strikes the liquid surface, the pressure causes the fluid to rise up and a droplet breaks off. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001546 dielectrophoretic droplet dispensing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001544 droplet dispensing The dispensing of droplets from an electrode surface after an applied voltage has been removed. Periodic bumps along the length of the electrodes promote droplet formation by establishing an initial, static perturbation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001547 inertial droplet dispensing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001544 droplet dispensing The dispensing of droplets by applying a pattern of piezoelectric acceleration and deceleration to the droplets such that inertial force can overcome adhesion force, resulting in droplet detachment from the device. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001548 electrohydrodynamic droplet dispensing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001544 droplet dispensing The dispensing of droplets between two electrodes by applying an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001549 sample drying http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The process of removing a solvent from a substance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001550 dielectric drying http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001549 sample drying The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of radio frequency (3 Hz to 300 GHz) or microwave (1–1000 mm) radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001551 direct drying http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002124 blow drying The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of heated air. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001552 drum drying http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001549 sample drying The removal of solvent from a sample by applying it as a thin layer to the surface of a heated drum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001553 freeze drying http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001549 sample drying The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary. The sample is frozen at liquid nitrogen temperature (-80 °C) then the surrounding pressure is reduced to allow the water in the sample to sublime. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001554 oven drying http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001549 sample drying The removal of solvent from a sample by heating in an oven. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001555 spray drying http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001549 sample drying The removal of water from a liquid sample by pumping it through an atomiser (to produce a spray of fine droplets) then passing a hot gas (e.g. air or N2) through it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001556 supercritical drying http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001549 sample drying The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary, by immersion in a supercritical fluid and de-pressurisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001557 vacuum drying http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001549 sample drying The removal of water from a sample by placing it under reduced pressure. This allows water to evaporate from (heat-sensitive) samples at a lower temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001558 etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The process of chemically removing a thin layer from a sample surface, usually to leave behind a pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001559 dry etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001558 etching The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by sputtering or dissolving using reactive ions or a vapour-phase etchant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001560 plasma etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001558 etching The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001561 deep reactive-ion etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001560 plasma etching The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001562 advanced silicon etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001561 deep reactive-ion etching The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a silicon surface using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-usually SF6–-containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer (e.g. C4F8). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001563 cryogenic deep reactive-ion etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001561 deep reactive-ion etching The process of creating deep holes and trenches in a sample surface (cooled to -110 °C) using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals) alternating with the deposition of a chemically inert passivation layer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001564 electrolytic etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001558 etching The process of removing the unprotected areas of a surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution in the presence of an electric current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001565 Galvanic etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001564 electrolytic etching The process of removing the unprotected areas of a silicon surface by placing it inside an electrochemical etching solution (KOH, HF or TMAH) in the presence of an electric current. When the silicon substrate is in contact with a noble metal (Au or Cr) a Galvanic cell is formed and the silicon is oxidized. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001566 ion beam patterning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001558 etching A patterning process which involves using a focused Ga+ beam to cut trenches into substrates. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001567 photo etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001558 etching The process of generating a pattern in a photosensitive sample by irradiating it with UV light. After exposure, the plate is 'developed' by washing away the unexposed resist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001568 sputter etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001558 etching The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with energetic ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001569 electronic sputter etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001568 sputter etching The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001570 potential sputter etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001569 electronic sputter etching The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface by bombarding it with high-energy or highly charged heavy ions. When the multiply charged ions recombine on the sample surface their potential energy is liberated, accelerating the process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001571 wet etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001558 etching The process of using strong acids/alkalis to cut into the unprotected parts of a surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001572 anisotropic wet etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001571 wet etching The process of using strong acids/alkalis to remove a thin layer of the unprotected parts of a sample surface (e.g. metal or silicon) to create a pattern. Anisotropic etching occurs when different etch rates are observed in different directions in the sample (e.g. for different crystal faces). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001574 evaporation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The physical process by which a liquid substance is converted to a gas or vapour. This may occur at or below the normal boiling point of the liquid (the temperature at which a liquid boils at 1 atmosphere pressure) and the process is endothermic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001575 centrifugal evaporation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002208 solvent evaporation The evaporation of solvent from a sample by placing it a centrifuge and spinning it rapidly. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001576 rotary evaporation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002208 solvent evaporation The removal of solvent from a sample by applying heat and lowering the pressure above the sample whilst rotating it at 10–300 rpm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The transfer of a solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001578 coextraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction The transfer of two solutes from a liquid phase to a (low-polarity) organic liquid phase in contact with it. The solutes form mixed-species aggregates in the organic phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001579 headspace extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001580 dynamic headspace extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001579 headspace extraction The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating, and removing analytes from the headspace in a carrier gas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001581 multiple headspace extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001579 headspace extraction The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. The process is repeated multiple times, allowing the new equilibrium to form at each stage. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001582 static headspace extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001579 headspace extraction The process of transferring a substance from a solid or liquid matrix to the vapour phase by heating. Once the concentration of the analyte in the headspace is in equilibrium with the concentration in the sample matrix, the headspace is removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001583 liquid-solid extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001584 normal-phase solid-phase extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001583 liquid-solid extraction The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (polar) liquid sample through a (non-polar) stationary phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001585 reversed-phase solid-phase extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001583 liquid-solid extraction The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the (non-polar) liquid sample through a (polar) stationary phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001586 solid-phase micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001583 liquid-solid extraction The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 μm diameter). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001587 capillary micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001586 solid-phase micro-extraction The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small fused-silica capillary. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001588 sol–gel capillary micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001587 capillary micro-extraction The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a small sol–gel-coated fused-silica capillary. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001589 headspace solid-phase micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001586 solid-phase micro-extraction The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by exposing a small fibre containing a stationary phase bonded to a silica needle (<10 μm diameter) to the headspace above the liquid sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001590 micro-extraction in a packed syringe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001586 solid-phase micro-extraction The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by passing the liquid sample through a stationary phase (1 mg) packed into a microlitre syringe. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001591 stir-bar solid-phase extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001583 liquid-solid extraction The process of transferring a substance from a liquid to a solid phase by attaching a stationary phase to a stir bar which moves throughout the liquid sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001592 magnetic bead extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction A method for extracting biological molecules from a biological sample by functionalising a magnetic bead (0.001–200 μm diameter) with a molecule specific to the target molecule (e.g. complementary DNA or a specific antibody) and placing it in the sample solution. The bead is removed from the solution using a magnetized source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001593 membrane extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous membrane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001594 membrane extraction with a sorbent interface http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001593 membrane extraction The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane first extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001595 polymeric membrane extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001593 membrane extraction The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a nonporous sillicon rubber membrane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001596 supported liquid membrane extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001593 membrane extraction The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous liquid membrane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001597 sequentional extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction An analytical process that sequentially chemically leaches metals from soils, sludges or sediments. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001598 solvent extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001599 gas–liquid extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001598 solvent extraction A flotation process in which the material of interest, adsorbed on the surface of gas bubbles in a liquid, is collected on an upper layer of immiscible liquid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001600 liquid–liquid extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001598 solvent extraction The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001601 cloud-point extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001600 liquid–liquid extraction The process of transferring a non-ionic surfactant from one liquid phase to another by heating. As the temperature of the solution rises, the surfactant molecules form micelles, if the temperature increases above the cloud point (CPT) the micelles become dehydrated and aggregate. This leads to macroscopic phase separation of the solution into a surfactant-rich phase and a solvent phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001602 liquid-phase micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002806 microextraction The process of transferring a microlitre amount of a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001603 single-drop micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002806 microextraction The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it. A microdrop of organic solvent (8 μL), is suspended from the end of Teflon rod immersed in a stirred aqueous solution of the sample. The sample solution is stirred until equilibrium is reached, after which, the drop is retracted into the Teflon rod. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001604 pressurised-fluid extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001600 liquid–liquid extraction The process of transferring a dissolved substance from one liquid phase to another (immiscible or partially miscible) liquid phase in contact with it using solvents at elevated temperature (50–200 °C) and pressure (7–20 MPa). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001605 microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001600 liquid–liquid extraction The transfer of a solute from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (organic) phase (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a porous hydrophobic membrane the pores of which are filled with the same acceptor phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001606 shake-flask extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001598 solvent extraction The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, during which the sample and solvent are kept in contact in a mechanical shaker. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001607 solid–liquid extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001598 solvent extraction The process of transferring the soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a solvent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001608 microwave-assisted extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001607 solid–liquid extraction The process of transferring the organic components of a solid to an organic liquid phase. The process is accelerated by directing radiation in the microwave region (1–1000 mm) at the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001609 Soxhlet extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001607 solid–liquid extraction The process of transferring the partially soluble components of a solid to the liquid phase using a Soxhlet extractor. The solid is placed in a filter paper thimble which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent (heated to reflux) travels into the main chamber and the partially soluble components are slowly tranferred to the solvent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001610 supercritical fluid extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001598 solvent extraction The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001611 ultrasound extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001598 solvent extraction The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to an appropriate liquid phase, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency) that propagate through the liquid media. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001612 substoichiometric extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction The process of transferring a substance from any matrix to another where the amount of reagent used is lower than that dictated by stoichiometry. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001613 extrusion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001614 cold extrusion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001613 extrusion A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at room temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001615 hot extrusion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001613 extrusion A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at elevated temperatures (up to 2000 °C). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001616 hydrostatic extrusion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001613 extrusion A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die in the presence of a pressurised fluid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001617 warm extrusion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001613 extrusion A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die at a temperature that is above room temperature, but below the recrystallisation temperature of the material (400–900 °C). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001618 spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002548 polymer preparation method A process used to create polymer fibers using a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) to form multiple continuous filaments. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001619 dry spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001618 spinning A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and the solvent is removed from the polymer fibres by evaporation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001620 electrospinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001618 spinning A process used to created very fine (μm or nm scale) fibres from a liquid. A high voltage is applied to a droplet of the liquid sample which is drawn out into fibres and cooled in air. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001621 gel spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001618 spinning A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer in a gel state is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head). The fibres are then air dried and cooled in a liquid bath. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001622 melt spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001618 spinning A process used to create polymer fibers. Molten polymer is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and cooled to form multiple continuous filaments. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001623 wet spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001618 spinning A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) into a chemical bath which causes the polymer to precipitate as it emerges. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001624 fermentation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The process in which cells (microorganisms, plant or animal cells) are cultured in a bioreactor in a liquid or solid medium to convert organic substances into biomass (growth) or into products. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001625 fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The process of dividing up a sample mixture into smaller quantities according to their physical (e.g. size, solubility) or chemical (e.g. bonding, reactivity) properties. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001626 field-flow fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001625 fractionation Any separation technique based on the application of a field perpendicular to a flow stream in a narrow channel. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001627 electrical field-flow fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001626 field-flow fractionation A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001628 cyclic electrical field-flow field fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001627 electrical field-flow fractionation A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying an alternating electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001629 flow field-flow fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001626 field-flow fractionation A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a carrier liquid flow perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles elute in order of decreasing diffusion coefficient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001630 gravitational field-flow fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001626 field-flow fractionation A technique for separating small particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of particle size. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001631 potential barrier field-flow fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001630 gravitational field-flow fractionation A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel, such that the Earth's gravitational field is perpendicular to the channel, and varying the ionic strength of the solution or Hamaker constant/surface potential of the particles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001632 magnetic field-flow fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001626 field-flow fractionation A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic electric field perpendicular to the channel. A carrier liquid is passed through the channel and the particles are separated on the basis of magnetic susceptibility. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001633 sedimentation field-flow fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001626 field-flow fractionation A technique for separating particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel within a centrifuge such that the centripetal force is applied perpendicular to the flow stream (driving the particles towards the walls of the channel). A carrier liquid is then passed through the channel removing the smallest particles first. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001634 steric field-flow fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001626 field-flow fractionation A technique for separating large (= channel width) particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel. Normally particles migrate towards the walls of the channel but large particles are unable to approach the walls and when a carrier liquid is passed through the channel, these particles are removed first. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001635 thermal field-flow fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001626 field-flow fractionation A technique for separating polymer particles from solution by placing the sample in a narrow channel and heating one end, whilst cooling the other. The polymer particles migrate towards the cooler plate and are then removed with a carrier liquid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001636 foam fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001625 fractionation A method of separation in which a component of the bulk liquid is preferentially adsorbed at the liquid–vapour interface and is removed by foaming. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001637 freeze distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001625 fractionation The process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that contains less of the dissolved material than the remaining solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001638 plasma protein fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001625 fractionation A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions (e.g. temperature or acidity) of the plasma, causing precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001639 Cohn process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001638 plasma protein fractionation A method for separating proteins from plasma by changing the conditions of the plasma by simultaneous cooling and addition of alcohol. This causes precipitation of the proteins, which can then be removed by centrifugation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001640 filtration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002231 purification The process of segregation of phases; the separation of suspended solids from a liquid or gas, usually by forcing a carrier gas or liquid through a porous medium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001641 micro-filtration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001640 filtration A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger than 0.1 micrometre are rejected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001642 nano-filtration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001640 filtration A pressure-driven membrane-based separation process in which particles and dissolved macromolecules larger 200 Da are rejected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001643 reverse osmosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001640 filtration A separation process which involves using pressure to force a solution through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side and allowing the pure solvent to pass to the other side. (This is the reverse of the normal osmosis process, which is the natural movement of solvent from an area of low solute concentration, through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration.) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001644 suction filtration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001640 filtration The separation of a solid phase from a liquid phase by passing the sample through a porous medium under pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001645 ultra-filtration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001640 filtration A separation process whereby a solution containing a solute of molecular size significantly greater than that of the solvent molecule is removed from the solvent by the application of hydraulic pressure which forces only the solvent to flow through a suitable membrane, usually having a pore size in the range 0.001–0.1 μm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001646 gelation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The formation of a gel or solidification of a gelatin solution caused by a change in conditions (such as temperature or pH). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001647 electrochemical gelation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001646 gelation The formation of a gel from a solution by electrochemical oxidation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001648 light-induced gelation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001646 gelation The formation of a gel from a solution by irradiation with light from the visible region (400–800 nm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001649 pH-induced gelation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001646 gelation The formation of a gel from a solution by altering the pH of the solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001650 sound-induced gelation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001646 gelation The formation of a gel from a solution by the application of ultrasound (sound waves >20 kHz frequency). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001651 thermal gelation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001646 gelation The formation of a gel from a solution by heating. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001652 grinding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001653 liquid-assisted grinding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001652 grinding The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of solvent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001654 ball milling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001652 grinding The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint, or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating around a horizontal axis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001655 high-speed ball milling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001654 ball milling The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001656 high-energy ball milling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001654 ball milling The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by grinding with one or more inert balls (ceramic, flint or stainless steel, 2–8 mm diameter) rotating at high speed (up to 650 rpm) around a horizontal axis. A high-speed agitator is used to increase the speed of the balls which are held in vacuum or in an inert gas (e.g. Ar). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001657 wet grinding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001652 grinding The mechanical reduction of the particle size of a solid sample by attribution (friction), impact or cutting in the presence of a small amount of liquid (which is not a solvent for the solid). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001658 ionisation method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by removing electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001659 electrospray ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001658 ionisation method An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001660 desorption electrospray ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001659 electrospray ionisation An ionisation method where charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field are directed at the sample surface. The droplets form a thin film on the sample surface, dissolving the analyte of interest. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001661 laser desorption electrospray ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001659 electrospray ionisation An ionisation method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001662 matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001661 laser desorption electrospray ionisation An ionisation method where neutral molecules are desorbed from the sample (usually biological and held in an organic acid matrix) using a nitrogen laser and then ionised by collision with charged solvent droplets which are formed by forcing the solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001663 extraction electrospray ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001659 electrospray ionisation An ionisation method where a neutral sample, in the form of a gas or aerosol flow, is ionised by directing it into a plume of charged droplets, generated by forcing a solution of pure solvent through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 μL min-1) into an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001664 laser ablation electrospray ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001659 electrospray ionisation An ionisation method where the sample is vaporised using a high-energy pulsed laser and then ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of it through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001665 plasma ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001658 ionisation method Any ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma–-a partially ionised gas (such as Ar) containing free electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001666 plasma-assisted desorption ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001665 plasma ionisation An ionisation method where a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) is directed onto the sample surface causing desorption of sample molecules from the surface and subsequent ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001667 glow discharge ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001665 plasma ionisation An ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge under reduced pressure between two electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001668 atmospheric pressure glow discharge ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001667 glow discharge ionisation An ionisation method when the sample is ionised, at atmospheric pressure, in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an electrical discharge between two electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001669 chemical ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001658 ionisation method An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at low pressure. Reagent ions are produced by electron ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001670 desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001669 chemical ionisation An ionisation method in which a corona discharge is used to direct a liquid spray (composed of an inert, high velocity gas and solvent ions) onto the sample surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001671 dielectric barrier discharge ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001669 chemical ionisation An ionisation method when the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by passing an alternating voltage across a dielectric layer between two electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001672 direct analysis in real time http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001669 chemical ionisation An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by a corona discharge within a He atmosphere. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001673 isostatic pressing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001674 hot isostatic pressing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001673 isostatic pressing The process of pressing a powder under a gas or liquid at elevated temperatures so that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001675 labelling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The process of attaching a label onto a substance. Labels are molecular entities that facilitate the detection (through fluorescence, radioactivity, etc.) of the species to which they are attached. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001676 fluorescent labelling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001675 labelling The process of covalently attaching a chemically-reactive derivative of a fluorophore to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001677 isotopic labelling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001675 labelling The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by an isotope of the same element. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001678 deuterium labelling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001677 isotopic labelling The substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in a molecule with deuterium atoms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001679 radioactive labelling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001677 isotopic labelling The substitution of an atom or an ion (present in the form of its stable isotope) by a radioactive isotope of the same element. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001680 phosphorescent labelling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001675 labelling The process of covalently attaching a phosphorescent molecule to another molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001681 leaching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The dissolution of material from a solid phase into a liquid in which it is not wholly soluble. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001682 sample melting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The process of heating a substance to cause the solid–liquid phase change. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001683 skull melting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001682 sample melting The melting of a material within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001684 induction skull melting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001683 skull melting The melting of a material by high-frequency induction within a frozen shell of the same substance. This technique is used for materials which are very corrosive when molten e.g. cubic zirconia. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001685 mixing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The combining of components, particles or layers into a more homogeneous state. The mixing may be achieved manually or mechanically by shifting the material with stirrers or pumps or by revolving or shaking the container. The process μst not permit segregation of particles of different size or properties. Homogeneity may be considered to have been achieved in a practical sense when the sampling error of the processed portion is negligible compared to the total error of the measurement system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001686 Ostwald ripening http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The growth of larger crystals from those of smaller size, which have a higher solubility than the larger ones. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001687 photodegradation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The photochemical transformation of a molecule into lower molecular weight fragments, usually in an oxidation process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001688 precipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002916 sample solidification The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution in which the material is present in amounts greater than its solubility in the liquid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001689 affinity precipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001688 precipitation The selective sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid sample containing a ligand and a target protein. The precipitate evolves after the application of a suitable stimulus (e.g. Ca2+ or Ba2+). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001690 co-precipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001688 precipitation The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a macro-component from the same solution by the formation of mixed crystals, by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001691 immunoprecipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001688 precipitation The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of an antigen–specific antibody complex, from solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001692 individual protein immunoprecipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001691 immunoprecipitation The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate'), consisting of a specific protein–antibody complex, from a solution containing many different proteins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001693 protein complex immunoprecipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001691 immunoprecipitation The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a arger protein complex) from solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001694 chromatin immunoprecipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001691 immunoprecipitation The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is attached to a protein–DNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of DNA binding sites on the genome for particular proteins of interest. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001695 ribonucleic acid immunoprecipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001691 immunoprecipitation The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') consisting of a protein–specific antibody complex (where the protein is part of a protein–RNA complex) from solution. This method is used to determine the location of RNA binding sites for particular proteins of interest. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001696 postprecipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001688 precipitation The subsequent precipitation of a chemically different species upon the surface of an initial precipitate usually, but not necessarily, including a common ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001697 reprecipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001688 precipitation The planned repetition of a precipitation to remove impurities from a precipitate or improve its stoichiometry. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001698 radiolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001699 autoradiolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001698 radiolysis The cleavage of one or more bonds in a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its own radioactive decay. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001700 pulse radiolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001698 radiolysis The cleavage of one or more bonds resulting from exposure to a beam of highly accelerated (10 MeV) electrons. Pulse radiolysis is a method of initiating reactions which occur on a timescale faster than 100 μs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001701 sintering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001702 liquid-state sintering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001701 sintering The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample (consisting of a powder and a liquid) below the melting point of the solid until its particles adhere to each other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001703 solid-state sintering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001701 sintering The fusing together of small particles by heating a powder sample below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001704 pressureless sintering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001703 solid-state sintering The fusing together of small particles by heating the powder sample below its melting point (without applied pressure) until its particles adhere to each other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001705 selective laser sintering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001703 solid-state sintering The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a high-energy laser, until its particles adhere to each other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001706 spark plasma sintering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001703 solid-state sintering The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample below its melting point, using a direct current, until its particles adhere to each other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001707 sonication http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The irradiation of a liquid sample with sound (20 Hz-20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001708 ultrasonication http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001707 sonication The irradiation of a liquid sample with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves resulting in agitation. Sound waves propagate into the liquid media result in alternating high-pressure (compression) and low-pressure (rarefaction) cycles. During rarefaction, high-intensity sonic waves create small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which then collapse violently (cavitation) during compression, creating very high local temperatures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay A method used to indicate the presence of a substance within a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001710 argon ionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method where metastable Ar atoms are used to ionise the sample, which is held in a carrier gas. The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001711 atomic emission detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is atomised and excited by an excitation source and the characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001712 catalytic combustion detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing C–H bonds. An electric current is passed through a tiny coil of platinum wire embedded in a catalytic ceramic bead (heated to 500 °C by the coil). A flow of air carries the sample to the bed and when a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon molecule impacts the hot coil, it combusts on the surface raising the temperature and resistance of the platinum wire. The resistance change is then measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001713 electrochemical detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is set to the specific potential required for oxidation or reduction. The current produced is then measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001714 pulsed electrochemical detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001713 electrochemical detection A detection method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. A liquid containing the sample passes directly over the working electrode, which is subject to a periodic potential. The current produced is then measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001715 electrolytic conductivity detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. The pyrolysed sample is dissolved in water, forming aqueous solutions of HBr or HCl. The change in electrical conductivity of the solution is then measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001716 dry electrolytic conductivity detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001715 electrolytic conductivity detection A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing Br or Cl. A carrier gas flow containing the sample is heated in a ceramic chamber to 1000 °C, forming gaseous Cl and Br ions. The change in electrical conductivity of the gas-phase current is then measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001717 electron capture detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to electronegative compounds (e.g. halogenated compounds). A beta-particle emitter (e.g. 63Ni) is used to produce an electron beam, which is passed between two electrodes. As the sample is passed through the e-beam, organic functional groups interact with the electrons, interrupting the current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001718 evaporative light scattering detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method where a liquid containing the sample is atomised in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photomultiplier. The response is proportional to the mass of the molecules in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001719 flame ionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method which is sensitive to compounds containing C–H bonds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode, allowing the current to be measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001720 flame photometric detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001722 laser-induced fluorescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000060 fluorescence detection A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by a focused ultraviolet laser and any fluorescence is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001723 helium ionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by irradiation with beta-particles from a radioactive source) ionise the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001724 helium discharge ionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001723 helium ionisation detection A detection method where metastable helium ions (generated by an electric arc) ionise the molecules in the sample (held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001725 pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001724 helium discharge ionisation detection A detection method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionise the sample (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001726 nitrogen–phosphorus detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to compounds containing N and P. A flow of carrier gas containing the sample is mixed with H2 and air in the presence of a small, heated bead of an alkali salt such as Rb2SO4. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001727 paired emitter–detector diode detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is based on light emitting diodes (LEDs). One LED functions as a light source and the other LED is reverse biased to function as a light detector. Light from the source LED is passed through the sample and the intensity received by the detector LED is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001728 photodiode array detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190–1100 nm and any absorption is detected by a photodiode array. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001729 photoionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to volatile organic compounds. A carrier gas (e.g. methane) containing the sample is bombarded with high-energy (UV) photons, resulting in ionisation. The current generated by these gaseous ions is then measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001730 refractive index detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light is passed through a hollow prism and focused on a photocell. When a liquid containing the sample is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001731 thermal conductivity detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to inorganic gases. A hot (450 °C) filament is used to heat a carrier gas containing the sample and the difference in thermal conductivity caused by the presence of the sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001732 thermal energy analyser detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to molecules containing NO and NO2 groups. The sample is pyrolysed (at 275 °C) producing radicals, which react with ozone under low pressure to produce chemiluminescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001733 ultraviolet detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method which is sensitive to unsaturated organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell it is illuminated with light in the region 190-350nm and any absorption is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001734 phosphate buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001462 buffer solution A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by phosphoric acid-phosphate anion or phosphate-hydrogen phosphate equilibria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001736 gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001719 flame ionisation detection Flame ionisation detection that is sensitive to compounds containing C-H bonds. The eluent is mixed with H2 and air and ignited. Any positively-charged radicals resulting from this process are collected at a cathode allowing the current to be measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001737 gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001726 nitrogen–phosphorus detection Nitrogen-phosphorus detection where the input is from a gas chromatography separation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001738 liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001728 photodiode array detection Photodiode array detection where input is the mobile phase from a liquid chromatography separation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001739 gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002835 determination of nitrosamines A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to compounds containing NO and NO2 groups. The eluent is pyrolysed (at 275 deg C) producing radicals, which react with ozone under low pressure to produce chemiluminescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001740 gas chromatography-thermal conductivity detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001731 thermal conductivity detection Thermal conductivity detection where the sample is the eluent from a gas chromatography separation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001741 gas chromatography-flame photometric detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001720 flame photometric detection A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to sulfur- and phosphorus-containing compounds. The eluent is mixed with oxygen or air and ignited. Any chemiluminescence due to these compounds is then detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001742 liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000060 fluorescence detection A liquid chromatography method that is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the mobile phase passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001744 liquid chromatography-refractive index detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001730 refractive index detection A liquid chromatography method where detection is based on the change in refractive index of a solution. Light passes through a hollow prism and is focused on a photocell. When the mobile phase is allowed to flow through the prism, the light diverges from its original path and the change in intensity and angle of the transmitted light is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001745 liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001718 evaporative light scattering detection A liquid chromatography method where the mobile phase is atomised in a gas, forming small droplets which are allowed to evaporate leaving the sample as fine particles. The suspended particles pass through a light beam and the scattered light transmitted by the particles is sensed by a photomultiplier. The response is proportional to the mass of the molecules in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001746 liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001713 electrochemical detection A liquid chromatography method that is sensitive to compounds which can be either reduced or oxidised. The mobile phase passes directly over the working electrode, which is set to the specific potential required for oxidation or reduction. The current produced is then measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001747 gas chromatography-pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001725 pulsed discharge helium ionisation detection A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to small gas molecules (e.g. O2, N2, CO2). A low-power, pulsed DC discharge is used to ionise the eluent (which is held in He carrier gas). The resulting electrons are focused toward a collector electrode and the current is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001748 acetate buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001462 buffer solution A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by an acetic acid-acetate equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001749 Tris-borate-EDTA buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001463 borate buffer A borate buffer solution prepared from Tris, boric acid, and EDTA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001750 Tris–acetate–EDTA buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001748 acetate buffer An acetate buffer solution prepared from Tris, acetic acid, and EDTA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001751 phosphate-buffered saline solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001734 phosphate buffer A phosphate buffer, prepared from sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate and sodium chloride, where the pH is maintained by a phosphate–phosphoric acid equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001752 Good's buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001462 buffer solution A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an acid–base equilibrium involving one of Good's buffer substances (CHEBI:39011). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001753 ACES buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001752 Good's buffer A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)ammonio]ethanesulfonate anion equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001754 Tris buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001462 buffer solution A buffer where the pH is maintained by a Tris–HTris equilibrium. Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001755 Tris-HCl buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001754 Tris buffer A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] and HCl solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001756 ADA buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001752 Good's buffer A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2,2'-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)imino]diacetic acid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001757 BES buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001752 Good's buffer A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001758 bicine buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001752 Good's buffer A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001759 HEPES buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001752 Good's buffer A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001760 MES buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001752 Good's buffer A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001761 MOPS buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001752 Good's buffer A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by an equilibrium involving 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001762 PIPES buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001752 Good's buffer A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a 2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diylbisethanesulfonic acid–2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diylbisethanesulfonate equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001763 TES buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001752 Good's buffer A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-ammonioethanesulfonate equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001764 tricine buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001752 Good's buffer A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by a N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylammonioacetate equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001765 tin-119 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for tin-119 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001766 transmission Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample is detected. The light is collected from the non-illuminated side of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001767 optical tweezers Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, by a sample (e.g. a biological cell) constrained using optical tweezers is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001768 trapping method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process Any method used to trap a sample for further analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001769 laser trapping http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001768 trapping method The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001770 deep-level transient spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001247 charge transport measurement method A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001771 Laplace deep-level transient spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001770 deep-level transient spectroscopy A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the average capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at a fixed temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate is characteristic for each type of defect. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001772 constant-capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001770 deep-level transient spectroscopy A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By holding the capacitance constant and monitoring the carrier emission produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001773 current deep-level transient spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001770 deep-level transient spectroscopy A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced when applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit a peak for each 'deep level' (each energy level near the center of the band gap). The height of the peak is proportional to the defect density and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001774 isothermal capactiance transient spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001770 deep-level transient spectroscopy A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001775 normalised isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001774 isothermal capactiance transient spectroscopy A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the normalised capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001776 differential isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001774 isothermal capactiance transient spectroscopy A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the differential of the capacitance produced by applying a voltage pulse to the semiconductor junction at constant different temperatures, spectra are generated that exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the height of which are proportional to time constant for the emission rate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001777 photoinduced current transient spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001247 charge transport measurement method A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying an optical pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001778 microwave-detected photoinduced current transient spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001777 photoinduced current transient spectroscopy A method for determining the extent of intrinsic and process-induced defects in the crystalline layers within semiconductor devices. Defects arising from impurities, grain boundaries, interfaces, etc. result in the creation of traps that capture free electrons and holes. By monitoring the current produced by applying a microwave pulse to the semiconductor junction at different temperatures, spectra are generated which exhibit peaks, the height of which are proportional to the defect density, and the emission rate and temperature dependence are characteristic for each type of defect. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001779 23Na triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001204 triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning An NMR experiment used for 23Na nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001780 27Al triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001204 triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning An NMR experiment used for 27Al nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001781 45Sc triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001204 triple-quantum excitation in combination with magic angle spinning An NMR experiment used for 45Sc nuclei, involving transitions between non-consecutive energy levels during the excitation of the spin system by the first rf pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001782 45Sc nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 45Sc nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001783 capillary force lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001427 moulding A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric mould is placed on a polymer that has been spin-coated onto a substrate. The system is then heated above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001784 pervaporation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000999 separation method A method for the separation of liquid mixtures based on diffusion rate and membrane affinity. The sample mixture is placed in contact with one side of a non-porous polymeric membrane while a vacuum is applied to the other side. The components in the liquid stream permeate through the membrane, evaporate, and are then condensed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001785 rotating-field mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry that uses sinusoidal radio frequency fields (in the x- and y- direction, differing in phase by 90°) during ion detection. The ions of a particular mass travel in a helix and impact an ion detector, generating a pattern consisting of a set of concentric circles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001786 RapidFire(R) mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry, developed by BioTrove, which uses microfluidics to aspirate an aliquot of sample directly from a quenched assay plate and performs a solid-phase extraction on the sample before ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001787 laser sintering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001703 solid-state sintering The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with a laser (e.g. a CO2 laser) below its melting point until its particles adhere to each other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001788 argon plasma sintering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001703 solid-state sintering The fusing together of small particles by heating the sample with an Ar plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons) until the particles adhere to each other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001789 normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001009 high-performance liquid chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, and the inlet pressure is relatively high. In normal-phase HPLC, the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001790 membrane extraction with a sorbent interface-gas chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000999 separation method A separation method where the sample is first transferred from one phase (the 'donor' or 'feed' phase) to another (the 'acceptor' or 'strip' phase) across a non-porous non-polar polymer membrane. The membrane extracts the analytes from their matrix, and these are subsequently trapped on a polymeric trap with a porous sorbent using a carrier gas stream. In the second step, the mixture in the carrier gas stream is further separated by gas chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001791 low-temperature electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000539 electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a solid sample is vaporised by depositing it on a probe which is rapidly heated (to <1000 °C) by passing a current through it. The vaporised sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001794 supercritical fluid extraction-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000636 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy where the sample is initially transferred from a matrix to a liquid phase using a supercritical fluid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001795 continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of the absorption of radio frequency radiation vs. frequency for spin-active nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001796 1H continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001795 continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of the absorption of radio frequency radiation vs. frequency for hydrogen-1 nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001797 1H continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000713 continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Spectra are obtained by scanning a range of radio frequencies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001798 reflection–absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000647 reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the absorption and reflection of low-incident-angle infrared light by the surface molecules of a highly reflective or polished sample is measured. The sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001799 electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001285 gravimetric analysis A method used to determine the ratio of the mass, deposited at the electrode surface during an electrochemical reaction, to the total charge passed through the electrode (the 'current efficiency'). The electrode surface is deposited on a piezoelectric quartz crystal, and the change in resonance frequency of the crystal is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001800 electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001824 micrograph An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage under vacuum, and detecting the transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons, and characteristic X-rays emitted. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001801 scanning electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001800 electron micrograph An image obtained by scanning a finely-focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam across the specimen under vacuum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001802 transmission electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001800 electron micrograph An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001803 ultraviolet–visible spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002232 spectrophotometer A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the range ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001804 ultraviolet spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002232 spectrophotometer A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the ultraviolet range (190–400 nm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001805 diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002622 diffuse reflectance spectrum A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of ultraviolet to visible (190–800 nm) radiation reflected from an uneven surface at a number of angles by the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001215 magnetic resonance method A technique or procedure applied in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001807 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001234 spectrometer A piece of apparatus used to conduct NMR experiments consisting of a magnet housing a sample space surrounded by two coils which act to transmit radio frequency radiation to the sample and to detect the response of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001808 first derivative nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001795 continuous-wave nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of the change in intensity of absorption vs. the change in frequency as a function of the frequency of radiation applied, for spin-active nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001809 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002647 X-ray spectrometer A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electron source, a grating and a semiconductor detector, which is used to measure the X-ray emissions of a sample as a function of wavelength. The X-rays emerging from the sample pass through a slit then the grating disperses them by diffraction according to their wavelength. Finally, X-ray energy is converted to voltage pulses or 'counts' by the detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001810 synchrotron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A large-scale particle accelerator in which a magnetic field is used to create the particle orbits. Synchrotrons produce X-ray, vacuum ultraviolet and broadband infrared radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001811 pole figure measurement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000141 diffraction method A method for determining crystal orientation, using X-ray diffraction, which involves systematically rotating the sample about well defined angles until all possible lattice planes are reflected, and measuring the reflection intensity as a function of angle. The results are plotted as a pole figure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001812 synchrotron X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000200 X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample. X-Rays are generated in a synchrotron. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001813 infrared microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000953 microscope A piece of apparatus, consisting of an optical microscope coupled to a reflecting magnifying mirror system, which is used to collect spatially resolved infrared spectra of the surface of a specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001814 Raman microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001235 Raman spectrometer A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser beam (<10 μm diameter), a monochromator and a detector coupled to an optical microscope, which is used to measure Raman spectra. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001815 electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001077 quartz crystal microbalance A piece of apparatus consisting of a quartz crystal resonator, which is used to measure the current efficiency (mass-to-charge ratio) during an electrochemical reaction, by measuring the change in resonance frequency of the crystal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001816 Fourier transform photoacoustic spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000821 photoacoustic spectrum The Fourier transform of a plot of intensity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the sound emitted when a gaseous sample is exposed to an intense laser beam, which is rapidly interrupted by a rotating slotted disk. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001817 synchrotron infrared microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000050 infrared microscopy The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001818 vibrational microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000581 microspectroscopy A type of chemical imaging spectroscopy where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis that probes the vibrational degrees of freedom of a molecule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001819 synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000853 Fourier transform infrared spectrum A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption or emission of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse generated in a synchrotron. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001820 synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000051 Fourier transform infrared microscopy The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. The infrared spectra are obtained by single pulse of infrared radiation, produced in a synchrotron, and are subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001821 synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000636 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm), produced in a synchrotron, and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001822 infrared spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001234 spectrometer A piece of apparatus consisting of an infrared laser, a beam splitter and a detector (a CCD), which is used to measure spectra in the infrared range. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001823 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001822 infrared spectrometer A piece of apparatus consisting of an infrared laser, an interferometer and a detector, which is used to measure spectra in the infrared range. The spectrometer measures the amount of infrared radiation not absorbed by the sample, and the application of a Fourier transform converts the resulting time domain digital signal into a frequency domain digital signal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001824 micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001103 recorded image A magnified image obtained using a microscope to view a small object (or specimen). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001825 optical micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001824 micrograph An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light, and using a system of magnifying lenses. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001826 electrophoretic light scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000166 light scattering A method for determining the electrophoretic mobility and zeta-potential of a sample of colloidal particles in solution by illuminating the sample with a light source (usually a laser) and measuring the time dependent fluctuations in the frequency of the scattered light caused by an oscillating electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001827 Kerr effect spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000445 indirect laser absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001828 Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001827 Kerr effect spectroscopy Spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001829 magneto optical Kerr effect spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001827 Kerr effect spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of laser light reflected by a magnetized sample (the 'magneto-optic Kerr effect') is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001830 optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001828 Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy Spectroscopy where two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001831 confocal infrared microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000050 infrared microscopy The collection of spatially resolved infrared spectra of a sample during optical microscopy. An aperture is used to discriminate between infrared signal coming from the laser spot and that coming from the out-of-focus region of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001832 liquid chromatography mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000806 mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment of a sample mixture separated by liquid chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001833 femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001828 Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy Spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained.Information is obtained regarding ultrafast solvent dynamics by measuring the time response of a transient birefringence that is induced in the sample by a polarized femtosecond optical pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001834 nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000701 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by nanoflow liquid chromatography (flow rate of nL min-1) before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance, by two mass spectrometers in series. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001835 two-dimensional liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002003 two-dimensional column chromatography A type of chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, an initial separation proceeds in a primary column (commonly ion-exchange), and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column (commonly reverse phase). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001836 two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002007 two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated sequentially using two different liquid chromatography columns (commonly, ion-exchange followed by reversed-phase) before being analysed by two mass spectrometers in series. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001837 time-resolved optical Kerr effect spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001827 Kerr effect spectroscopy Spectroscopy where time response of a transient birefringence induced in the sample by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001838 optically-heterodyned Kerr effect spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001827 Kerr effect spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the refractive index change of the sample induced by two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) under the influence of an electric field (the 'optical Kerr effect') is measured. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to optical Kerr effect spectroscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001839 femtosecond optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001830 optically-heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy Spectroscopy where femtosecond pulses of two polarized laser beams (pump and probe) with a frequency difference close to a Raman-mode frequency in the sample induce a refractive index change in the sample. By scanning the frequency difference of the two beams and recording simultaneously the polarization change of the probe beam, the Raman spectral structure of the sample can be obtained. The polarizing filters are rotated slightly, giving rise to a heterodyne at the detector, improving the signal-to-noise ratio compared to Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A series of short (microsecond) bursts (pulses) of rf radiation separated by delays (of defined duration) designed to interact with, and manipulate the magnetic moments of spin-active nuclei during NMR spectroscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001842 radio frequency pulse http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A short (microsecond) period of radio frequency wavelength radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001843 bilinear rotation decoupling pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence A pulse cluster (a spin echo on 1H with inversion of 13C in the centre) used to achieve selective inversion of 12C-bound protons, thus achieving the removal of signals due to 12C-bound nuclei. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (1982), 93, pg 504 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001844 decoupling pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence An NMR pulse sequence that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001845 composite pulse decoupling sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001844 decoupling pulse sequence An NMR pulse sequence, employing composite pulses, which decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001846 decoupling in the presence of scalar interactions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001845 composite pulse decoupling sequence A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001847 globally optimized alternating phase rectangular pulse http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001845 composite pulse decoupling sequence A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1985), 64, pg 547. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001848 Malcolm Levitt pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001845 composite pulse decoupling sequence A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 43, pg 502. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001849 phase alternated rotation of magnetisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001845 composite pulse decoupling sequence A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001850 spin decoupling employing ultra-broadband-inversion sequences generated via siμlated annealing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001845 composite pulse decoupling sequence A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1994), 106, pg 241. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001851 wideband alternating-phase low-power technique for zero residual splitting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001845 composite pulse decoupling sequence A sequence of composite pulses designed to remove signal splitting due to heteronuclear J-couplings in multinuclear liquid NMR experiments. Also used to allow transfer of magnetisation between nuclei (by making the spins precess with at the same chemical shift and thus enjoy strong coupling–-isotropic mixing). J. Magn. Reson., (1983), 52, pg 335. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001852 magic angle spinning decoupling pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001844 decoupling pulse sequence An NMR pulse sequence, used in magic angle spinning, that decouples nuclei i.e. removes the effects of (usually) J-coupling (line splitting) from the spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001853 Burum, Linder, Ernst windowless pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001852 magic angle spinning decoupling pulse sequence A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. A train/sequence of pulses is used to cyclically manipulate the signal whilst stroboscopic sampling ensures the effects of coupling are unobserved. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1981), 44, pg 173. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001854 decoupling using mind-boggling optimisation pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001852 magic angle spinning decoupling pulse sequence A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see Chem. Phys. Lett., (2004), 398, pg 532. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001855 magic sandwich high-order truncation pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001852 magic angle spinning decoupling pulse sequence A sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effect of homonuclear dipolar couplings. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1997), 125, pg 291. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001856 two pulse phase modulation pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001852 magic angle spinning decoupling pulse sequence A continuous sequence of pulses used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of heteronuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1996), 103, pg 6951. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001857 Waugh, Huber, Haeberlin pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001852 magic angle spinning decoupling pulse sequence A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev. Lett., (1968), 20, pg 180. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001858 Mansfield, Rhim, Elleman, Vaughn pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001852 magic angle spinning decoupling pulse sequence A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR to remove the effects of homonuclear dipolar coupling. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1973), 59, pg 3740. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001859 delays alternating with nutation for tailored excitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence A pulse sequence used to selectively excite a frequency range by applying a series of very short pulses to manipulate, or nutate, the magnetisation vectors of the desired spins, interspersed with delays which cause the off-resonance magnetisation to receive a different phase. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., (1978), 29, pg 433. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001860 double pulsed field gradient spin echo pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence An NMR pulse sequence in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a doubled spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular resonances. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson. A, (1995), 112, pg 275. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001861 double quantum transitions for finding unresolved lines http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence A pulse sequence used to selectively resolve the signals from two coupled nuclei, see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 4286. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001862 flip flop spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence A sequence of composite pulses designed to allow isotropic mixing of magnetisation between nuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn.Reson., (1988), 77, pg 274. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001863 heteronuclear Hartmann Hahn pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence An NMR pulse sequence used to transfer magnetisation between protons and covalently bound (spin active) heteronuclei via isotropic mixing of their magnetisation. Used to e.g. enhance the NMR signal of heteronuclei or to correlate chemical shifts of protons with heteronuclei. For the pulse sequence see J. Magn. Reson., (1991), 91, pg 444. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001864 solvent suppression pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence An NMR pulse sequence that is used to suppress or remove the solvent signal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001865 jump and return pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001864 solvent suppression pulse sequence A pulse cluster used for solvent suppression consisting of two rf pulses separated by a delay with conditions set such that the solvent signal alone is rendered unobservable by the second pulse. For the pulse sequence see J. Am. Chem. Soc., (1982), 104, pg 7310. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001866 water elimination Fourier transform http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001864 solvent suppression pulse sequence A pulse cluster used to suppress solvent (water) signals exploiting the differing relaxation properties of solvent and sample. Resonances are inverted and the subsequent recovery period is chosen such that the solvent signal is at a null point when the signal is detected. For the pulse sequence see J. Chem. Phys., (1972), 56, pg 3182. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001867 water suppression through gradient tailored excitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001864 solvent suppression pulse sequence A pulse cluster used for solvent (water) suppression. The solvent resonances are selectively excited and pulsed field gradients used to destroy the signal. For the pulse sequence see J. Biomol. NMR, (1992), 2, pg 661. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001868 spin echo pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence A pulse cluster used in NMR experiments which manipulates signals such that, at the end of the sequence, the effects of chemical shift differences have been compensated/removed. Used most simply to compensate for inhomogeneities in the magnetic field but delays in the sequence also permit various possible manipulations of the magnetisation. For the pulse sequence see Phys. Rev., (1950), 80, pg 580. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001869 total suppression of sidebands pulse sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001841 nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence A pulse sequence used in magic angle spinning NMR experiments to remove additional signals resulting from spinning the sample too slowly to obtain a response composed solely of isotropic chemical shifts. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001870 shaped radio frequency pulse http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001842 radio frequency pulse A selective or shaped pulse, which is designed to excite only a specific region of a spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001871 chirped pulse http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001870 shaped radio frequency pulse An adiabatic shaped pulse. The resonance frequency is swept through a defined rf range during application of the pulse. Allows excitation of a broader range of frequencies than the size of the rf field. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1993), 102, pg 293. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001872 wideband, uniform rate and smooth truncation pulse http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001870 shaped radio frequency pulse An adiabatic shaped pulse incorporating a linear sweep through a frequency range used for selective inversion of spin state populations over wide ranges. For the pulse see J. Magn. Reson., Ser. A, (1995), 115, pg 273. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001873 accordion spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A dimensionality reduction technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments. A nD NMR experiment is represented in n-1 dimensions by concerted, simultaneous interrogation of two spectral dimensions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001874 constant time method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A technique used in 2D NMR whereby the chemical shift frequency modulation of the FIDs necessary to interrogate the second dimension is achieved by moving the position of a rf pulse within a fixed time period on subsequent repeats of the experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001875 multiple quantum filter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting particular spin systems of interest according to the number of nuclei present within them. Usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001876 double quantum filter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001875 multiple quantum filter An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001877 single quantum filter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001875 multiple quantum filter An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only uncoupled spins (singlets), usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001878 triple quantum filter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001875 multiple quantum filter An NMR technique used to edit the NMR response from a sample by selecting only three-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in an experiment and of the receiver http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001879 phase cycle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest, elimination of artefacts and more effective noise reduction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001880 cyclically ordered phase sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001879 phase cycle A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment such that addition of the resulting signals results in increased intensity for the signals of interest and more effective noise reduction. For the technique see Progr. NMR Spectr., (1978), 12, pg 41. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001881 exorcycle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001879 phase cycle A phase cycle technique used in FT NMR experiments whereby the sense of application (or phase) of the rf pulses is altered on repeating the experiment to eliminate spectral artefacts. Exorcycle takes its name from the fact that it is used to remove 'phantom' and 'ghost' peaks. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1977), 27, pg 511. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001882 presaturation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method An NMR technique whereby particular resonances are saturated (their spin-state populations are equalised). Commonly used to suppress solvent signals. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001883 pulsed field gradient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A tool employed in NMR experiments; spatially inhomogeneous magnetic fields applied with a defined gradient. Used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001884 States acquisition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. For each value of the evolution time, two FIDs are recorded and the signal is sine-modulated. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001885 States–time proportional phase incrementation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. It combines the States and TPPI methods. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001886 time proportional phase incrementation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A technique used in multidimensional NMR experiments to achieve frequency discrimination of the signals in the additional dimensions. For each value of the evolution time, a single FID is recorded and the phase of the preparation pulse is changed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001887 variable angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A technique used in solid-state NMR experiments to achieve the controlled reintroduction of dipolar couplings by varying the angle at which the sample is spun relative to the applied magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001888 X-filter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A technique used in NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to select for, or to remove signals of protons bound to a particular isotope. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001889 X half filter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A technique used in 2D NMR of isotopically enriched samples (usually 13C/15N) to remove signals of protons which are not bound to a particular isotope from one of the two domains of the experiment. For the technique see J. Magn. Reson., (1986), 70, pg 500. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001890 ZZ-filter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A technique used in NMR experiments to remove unwanted signals from the spectrum by destroying the magnetisation giving rise to these signals using a pulsed filed gradient whilst the magnetisation of interest is maintained in a state which is unaffected by the pulsed field gradient (ZZ-state). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001891 chemical map http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output A data set derived from microspectroscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents spectral wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per spectral wavelength sequentially. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001892 Fourier transform infrared map http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001893 infrared map A data set derived from FTIR microscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per infrared wavelength sequentially. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001893 infrared map http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001891 chemical map A data set derived from infrared microscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength. The image is obtained by stacking one image per infrared wavelength sequentially. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001894 thermography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000185 imaging assay An imaging method that uses infrared (900-14 000 nm) radiation and allows variation in temperature to be observed (typically brighter areas in the image represent higher temperatures). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001895 fluorescence micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002694 fluorescence image An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with (usually) ultraviolet light, and collecting the light emitted by chromophores in the specimen (fluorescence) using a system of magnifying lenses. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001896 dynamic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000113 atomic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001897 lateral force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000113 atomic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the frictional force experienced by the tip as a function of position (the 'twist' of the tip). A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001898 non-contact mode atomic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000113 atomic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates in the 'attractive' force region, i.e. avoiding sample contact. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001899 supercritical-fluid extraction-supercritical-fluid chromatography-gas chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001904 supercritical fluid method An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase, and finally depressurised, collected and subjected to gas chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001900 supercritical-fluid extraction-gas chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001904 supercritical fluid method An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then depressurised, collected and subjected to gas chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001901 supercritical-fluid extraction-supercritical-fluid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001904 supercritical fluid method An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001902 supercritical-fluid extraction-supercritical-fluid chromatography-liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001904 supercritical fluid method An experimental method where the sample is first transferred to the liquid phase using a supercritical fluid, then subjected to column chromatography where the supercritical fluid acts as the mobile phase, and finally depressurised, collected and subjected to liquid chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001903 rapid expansion of supercritical solutions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001904 supercritical fluid method A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a supercritical fluid and this mixture is then expanded using a restrictor, causing the solid to precipitate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001904 supercritical fluid method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing Any material processing method that uses a supercritical fluid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001905 supercritical antisolvent technique http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001904 supercritical fluid method A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then injected into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001906 particles from gas-saturated solutions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001904 supercritical fluid method A solid sample is heated above its melting point and combining the molten material with a supercritical fluid. The solution is then expanded through a nozzle, causing the precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001907 rapid-scan infrared absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.05 s per spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001908 ultra-rapid-scan infrared absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). Spectra are collected at a rate of approx. 0.001 s per spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001909 focal-plane array http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A sensing device, consisting of an array of light-sensing pixels at the focal plane of a lens, that is sensitive to infrared radiation. The device operates by converting infrared photons to an electrical signal, and using it to construct an image of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001910 structure data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output Data obtained from a structure determination method. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001911 small-angle X-ray scattering data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002363 scattering data Data which is obtained from an X-ray scattering experiment where the X-rays are scattered by the sample at low angles (0–10°). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001912 aluminium-27 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000856 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum where the nuclei of interest are aluminium-27 nuclei and in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001913 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000856 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001914 phosphorus-31 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001913 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are phosphorus-31 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001915 carbon-13 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001913 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are carbon-13 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001916 13C cross-polarisation magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000617 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 13C nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001917 time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000287 fluorescence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the time decay of the fluorescence of molecules excited using ultraviolet light is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001918 time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000290 fluorescence anisotropy A method for measuring the binding interaction between two labelled molecules. The sample is excited with vertically polarised light and the decay time and polarization of the fluorescence is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001919 single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000287 fluorescence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the fluorescence of a single molecule excited by ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001920 fluorescence decay curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of fluorescence intensity vs. time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001921 fluorescence anisotropy decay curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001920 fluorescence decay curve A plot of fluorescence anisotropy (the difference in polarisation between incident and fluorescent light) vs. time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001922 cathodoluminescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000057 luminescence detection The detection of luminescence emitted from a sample as a result of the impact of high-energy electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001923 shear force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001896 dynamic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates parallel to the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001924 diffusing wave spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000167 dynamic light scattering A method for determining molecular motion by measuring the time it takes for a particle in a highly-scattering suspension (e.g. a colloid) to move a distance comparable to the wavelength of light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001925 total internal reflection microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000102 optical microscopy A type of optical microscopy which is used to monitor Brownian fluctuations in the separation between a single microscopic sphere and a flat plate in aqueous media. The sphere is levitated above the plate by colloidal forces such as double-layer or steric repulsion. Changes in elevation as small as 1 nm can be detected by measuring the light scattered by a single sphere when illuminated by an evanescent wave. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001926 electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000323 circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised visible or near-ultraviolet radiation (200–400 nm). The optical activity of the sample is monitored using electronic transitions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001927 electronic circular dichroism spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000808 circular dichroism spectrum A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised visible or near-ultraviolet radiation as a function of wavelength. ECD spectra can also be derived computationally. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001928 one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001929 three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A three-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for spin-active nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of three frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other two, by the chemical shifts of correlated nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001930 directed self-assembly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001305 self-assembly A synthesis method in which the components of the sample spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions, taking the form of an existing lithographically templated structure or pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001931 automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002640 thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first adsorbed onto packed tubes (e.g. Tenax) then each tube is automatically moved into a desorption oven and heated (100–280 °C for 5–20 min) to promote thermal desorption of the mixture into the headspace of the tube. The headspace is sampled and used for gas chromatography and the eluent is then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001932 pulse-discharge detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas (e.g. helium) and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001933 pulse-discharge photoionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001934 argon pulse-discharge photoionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001933 pulse-discharge photoionisation detection A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through argon gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001935 krypton pulse-discharge photoionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001933 pulse-discharge photoionisation detection A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through krypton gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001936 helium pulse-discharge photoionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001933 pulse-discharge photoionisation detection A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through helium gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements in the sample mixture, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001937 gas chromatography-pulse-discharge photoionisation detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001933 pulse-discharge photoionisation detection A detection method where a DC voltage pulse is passed through a carrier gas generating high-energy (13.5–17.5 eV) photons which photoionise the elements a sample obtained by gas chromatography, and the current generated by this ionisation is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001938 collision-induced dissociation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A fragmentation method where the sample is ionised, and selected ions are allowed to collide with neutral gas molecules, resulting in fragmentation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001939 stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000675 stimulated Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the probe laser has a lower frequency than the pump laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001940 stimulated Raman loss spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000675 stimulated Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. In stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy the pump laser has a lower frequency than the probe laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001941 photoacoustic Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000675 stimulated Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light by a sample is detected. Two lasers ('pump and 'probe') are mixed and focused on the sample cell. When the frequency difference between the lasers corresponds to a Raman transition, an acoustic signal (a sound wave produced by an increase in pressure) is generated and detected by a sensitive microphone. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001942 ionisation-detected stimulated Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000675 stimulated Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from two lasers ('pump' and 'probe') by a sample is detected. The molecules in the sample are ionised using an ultraviolet laser in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001943 higher-order Raman spectral excitation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a two-colour laser, by a sample is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001944 three-dimensional diffusion-ordered spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001070 three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D NMR experiment are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001945 gas antisolvent technique http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001904 supercritical fluid method A technique where a solid sample is first partially dissolved in a organic solvent in a vessel. The solution is then pressurised with a dense gas or supercritical fluid resulting in precipitation of the solid as a fine powder. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001946 solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001905 supercritical antisolvent technique A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave (using a nozzle with two or three coaxial channels) resulting in precipitation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001947 precipitation with compressed antisolvent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001905 supercritical antisolvent technique A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a vessel pressurised with a dense gas (e.g. supercritical CO2) This results in a large decrease in solution density and precipitation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001948 aerosol solvent extraction system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001905 supercritical antisolvent technique A technique where a solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent, mixed with a supercritical fluid and sprayed into an autoclave. This leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001949 supercritical antisolvent precipitation with enhanced mass transfer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001905 supercritical antisolvent technique A solid sample is dissolved in a common (organic or inorganic) solvent then sprayed into a supercritical fluid (held under pressure) resulting in a large decrease in solution density. This effect leads to the reduction in solubility of the solid and precipitation. A surface vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency is used to atomise the solution jet into microdroplets during spraying, increasing turbulence and mixing (resulting in higher mass transfer and smaller particles). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001950 diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001944 three-dimensional diffusion-ordered spectroscopy A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D TOCSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001951 diffusion-ordered spectroscopy-correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001944 three-dimensional diffusion-ordered spectroscopy A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D COSY spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001952 heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001944 three-dimensional diffusion-ordered spectroscopy A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D HMQC spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001953 two-dimensional J-spectroscopy-diffusion-ordered spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001944 three-dimensional diffusion-ordered spectroscopy A type of three-dimensional NMR experiment in which the signals of a 2D J-spectrum are dispersed along a third frequency axis according to diffusion coefficient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001954 29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001155 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 29Si nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001955 silicon-29 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001299 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for silicon-29 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001956 confocal micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001825 optical micrograph An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light, and passing the light through pinhole before it reaches a system of magnifying lenses. The pinhole allows only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001957 flow cytometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus, consisting of a flow cell, a laser and a detector, which detects the fluorescence and light scattering of individual particles (e.g. cells). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001958 field-emission scanning electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001800 electron micrograph An image obtained by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam, produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission), across the specimen under vacuum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001959 visible spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000799 electronic absorption spectrum A plot of absorbance vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation from the visible region (380–800 nm) range. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001960 holographic laser trapping http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001769 laser trapping The trapping of microscopic particles by a focused laser beam. The beam is focused through a microscope objective, producing a strong electric field gradient at its narrowest point, which attracts dielectric particles. In holographic laser trapping, computer-generated holograms are used to split single laser beams into multiple beams, creating three-dimensional configurations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001961 laser transient absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000437 direct laser absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where transient species such as radicals, ions or reactive intermediates are studied using laser pulses. The absorbance of the sample before and after an excitation laser pulse is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001962 ultra-fast laser spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000435 laser spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with one or more laser beams and the absorption or emission of light by the sample is measured in the following fs–ns timescale is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001963 time-correlated single photon counting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000060 fluorescence detection A method that is used to measure the relaxation rate of molecules in fluorescent samples. A laser pulse excites the molecule, and the time taken for it to emit a single photon is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001964 enzyme-dependent fluorescence recovery after photobleaching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000065 fluorescence recovery after photobleaching A method for determining the distribution of enzyme activity in a sample by photobleaching a specific fluorescent metabolite during microscopy, and monitoring its enzymatically-driven recovery. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001965 111Cd nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 111Cd nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001966 57Fe nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 57Fe nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001967 17O electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000748 pulsed electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 17O nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001968 57Fe electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000748 pulsed electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 57Fe nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001969 95Mo electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000748 pulsed electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 95Mo nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001970 1H electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000748 pulsed electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a microwave frequency pulse is used to saturate the electron resonance transitions in the 1H nuclei of a sample, and a radio frequency pulse is used excite a nuclear transition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001971 3He nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 3He nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001972 6Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 6Li nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001973 9Be nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 9Be nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001974 89Y nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 89Y nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001975 63Cu nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 63Cu nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001976 39K nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 39K nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001977 139La nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 139La nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001978 127I nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 127I nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001979 121Sb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 121Sb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001980 123Sb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 123Sb nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001981 95Mo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 95Mo nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001982 113Cd nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 113Cd nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001983 14N electron spin-echo envelope modulation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001272 electron spin-echo envelope modulation A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in 14N nuclei as a function of the time that separates the pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001984 two-pulse electron spin-echo envelope modulation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001272 electron spin-echo envelope modulation A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the two pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001985 three-pulse electron spin-echo envelope modulation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001272 electron spin-echo envelope modulation A type of pulsed EPR spectroscopy which is used to observe the electron spin echo in a paramagnetic system as a function of the time that separates the three pulses causing the echo. This technique is a powerful probe of the radial distribution of magnetic nuclear spins in the environment of the electron spins producing the echo. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001986 non-resonance Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001987 supercritical carbon dioxide drying http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001556 supercritical drying The removal of solvent from a sample without passing through the liquid–gas boundary, by immersion in supercritical CO2 and de-pressurisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001988 aerosol method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002063 colloid method A method for the synthesis of solid particles from an aerosol. The desired solid particles are suspended in a liquid, which is heated to 275–330 °C under pressure and passed through an orifice so that an aerosol forms. The particles in the aerosol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001989 ethanol extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001598 solvent extraction The process of transferring a substance from any matrix into ethanol. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001990 co-assembly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001302 assembly The process of two individual components of a sample associating to form a new pattern or structure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001991 holographic optical tweezers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000946 optical tweezers A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a beam splitter, an optical microscope, a condenser and a CCD camera, that is used to manipulate microscopic particles. The beam splitter is used to create multiple laser beams that interfere forming multiple optical traps. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001992 adsorption-desorption isotherm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of relative pressure vs. volume adsorbed obtained by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001993 nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001992 adsorption-desorption isotherm A plot of relative pressure vs. volume adsorbed obtained by measuring the amount of N2 gas that adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001994 profilometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that measures surface profiles by dragging a (diamond) stylus across the sample surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the stylus and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001995 atomic mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Spectrometry where the sample is atomised and converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001996 molecular mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry Spectrometry where the sample is converted into gaseous molecular ions, which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001997 multi-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002001 multi-dimensional chromatography A type of column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. An initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into one or more secondary columns. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001998 strong-cation-exchange reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001835 two-dimensional liquid chromatography A type of column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. An initial separation proceeds in a primary ion-exchange column (the particles of which shows no loss or gain of charge with varying pH) and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001999 multi-dimensional separation method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000999 separation method A method that results in the separation of two or more components along two physical axes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002000 strong-cation-exchange reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001836 two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry A method where the sample is first subjected to two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (passed through two columns in sequence –-a primary ion-exchange column where the particles show no loss or gain of charge with varying pH, and a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase). The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002001 multi-dimensional chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001999 multi-dimensional separation method A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002003 two-dimensional column chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001018 two-dimensional chromatography A type of chromatography where an initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002004 two-dimensional chromatography-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000470 mass spectrometry A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method is coupled to mass spectrometry. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002005 multi-dimensional electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001999 multi-dimensional separation method A multi-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are all electrophoresis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002006 tandem dual-column high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002008 two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where the sample is first subjected to column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. The sample passes through two columns (anion and cation exchange) in series. The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised in a plasma which has been generated by electromagnetic induction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002007 two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002004 two-dimensional chromatography-mass spectrometry A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method , where the mobile phase is a liquid, is coupled to mass spectrometry, http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002008 two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002007 two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method in which a two-dimensional chromatography method , where the mobile phase is a liquid and the inlet pressure is relatively high, is coupled to mass spectrometry, http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002009 strong-cation-exchange reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001836 two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry A method where the sample is first subjected to two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (passed through two columns in sequence –-a primary ion-exchange column where the particles show no loss or gain of charge with varying pH, and a secondary column where the stationary phase is significantly less polar than the mobile phase). The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. The sample is analysed by two mass spectrometers in series. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002010 analytical centrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302886 centrifugation A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. During centrifugation the sample can be monitored in real time through an optical detection system or using ultraviolet light absorption. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002011 sequential centrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302886 centrifugation A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002012 low-speed centrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302886 centrifugation A separation method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at <5000 rpm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002013 high-speed centrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302886 centrifugation A separation method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at >5000 rpm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002014 preparative centrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302886 centrifugation A method where a sample is purified by removing impurities on the basis of their density in a centrifuge. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002015 differential centrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002011 sequential centrifugation A separation method where the components of a cell are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. The sample is centrifuged in a number of separate, sequential steps; each time the pellet is removed and the speed increased. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002016 ultracentrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002013 high-speed centrifugation A method where components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density in an ultracentrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002017 density-gradient centrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302886 centrifugation A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002018 isopycnic centrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002017 density-gradient centrifugation A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to buoyant density. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002019 rate-zonal centrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002017 density-gradient centrifugation A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a density gradient of e.g. CsCl in a centrifuge, according to mass. The species in the sample move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density and that of the gradient are identical. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002020 homogenisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001685 mixing The intensive mixing of μtually insoluble phases (sometimes with addition of surfactants) to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002021 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000963 quadrupole mass spectrometer A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is a linear sequence of three quadrupole mass-to-charge analysers, which hold the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002022 atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001669 chemical ionisation An ionisation method where the sample is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002023 ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001009 high-performance liquid chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles, the inlet pressure is relatively high and the separation is caused by differences in ion-exchange affinity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002024 tandem dual-column high-performance liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001836 two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry A method where the sample is first subjected to column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. The sample passes through two columns (anion and cation exchange) in series. The eluent is then subjected to mass spectrometry where it is ionised by interaction (electron or proton transfer) with reagent (N2, O2, H2O) gaseous ions at atmospheric pressure, and then analysed by two mass spectrometers in series. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002025 nuclear magnetic resonance titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by observing the changes in sucessive NMR spectra, taken after each addition of titrant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002026 polarised neutron reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000210 neutron reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing polarised neutrons onto an extremely flat surface and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons as a function of angle and neutron wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002027 magnetic contrast neutron reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002026 polarised neutron reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing two beams of polarised neutrons (one spin 'up' and one spin 'down') onto the sample, which contains a ferromagnetic reference layer, and measuring the intensity of the reflected neutrons in the presence of an applied magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002028 129Xe Mossbauer spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129Xe nuclei is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002029 127I Mossbauer spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 127I nuclei is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002030 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 57Fe nuclei is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002031 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 119Sn nuclei is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002032 121Sb Mossbauer spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 121Sb nuclei is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002033 125Te Mossbauer spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 125Te nuclei is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002034 151Eu Mossbauer spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 151Eu nuclei is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002035 129I Mossbauer spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 129I nuclei is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002036 197Au Mossbauer spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000417 Mossbauer spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of a gamma-rays beam transmitted through a solid sample containing 197Au nuclei is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002039 optical density measurement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the light transmitted through a sample for a given wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002040 ultrasonic velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000927 velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002041 microwave velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000927 velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by microwave radiation. This is the method used by police to measure the speed of a vehicle using a radar gun. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002042 optical velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000927 velocimetry The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002043 laser Doppler velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002042 optical velocimetry A method for determining the velocity or zeta-potential of a sample by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by light. A laser beam is directed at a series of fine particles in the medium of interest, and the reflected (or Doppler-shifted) beam then produces an interference pattern with a reference beam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002044 ultrasonic speckle velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002040 ultrasonic velocimetry A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002045 time-resolved ultrasonic speckle velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002044 ultrasonic speckle velocimetry A method for measuring the velocity of a sample by detecting and analysing successive ultrasonic speckle signals that result from the interference of backscattered echoes of successive incident pulses of ultrasonic radiation (36 MHz) as a function of time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002046 nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method The measurement of the velocity of a moving object or medium using an NMR signal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002047 spin tagging velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002046 nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of a fluid by tagging (presaturating the magnetisation in) a particular group of spins and tracking them in a fluid flow using NMR spectroscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002048 phase-contrast velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002046 nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of an NMR signal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002049 flow-compensated phase-contrast velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002048 phase-contrast velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using magnetic field gradients to encode velocity information into the phase of the NMR signal. All other contributions to the magnetic gradient phase are set to zero; the only velocity contribution to the phase is due to the flow of the sample ('flow compensation'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002050 laser-induced thermal-acoustic velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002040 ultrasonic velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002051 multiple-modulation multiple-echo velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002046 nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of fluids by encoding it into an NMR signal. The NMR signal is produced using multiple spin echoes from several radio frequency pulses in the presence of a constant magnetic field gradient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002052 pulsed-field gradient velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002046 nuclear magnetic resonance velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of fluids by using a pulsed-field gradient spin echo sequence to encode the velocity into an NMR signal. Both flow and Brownian motion components of the velocity are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002053 laser-induced thermal-acoustic velocimetry with heterodyne detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002050 laser-induced thermal-acoustic velocimetry A method for determining the velocity of a sample flow using two coherent intersecting pulsed laser beams to create a density grating in the sample and a third, continuous, laser beam to detect the Doppler shift in the signal. Heterodyne signal detection (non-linear mixing with radiation of a reference frequency) is employed to recover the Doppler shift. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002054 high-temperature ultrasonic velocimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002040 ultrasonic velocimetry A method for detemining the velocity of metallic or semiconductor melts (at ~1000 °C) by measuring the Doppler shift experienced by ultrasound radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002055 four-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Any type of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in which four independent frequency dimensions are employed for the correlation and dispersal of signals (by employing three magnetisation transfer steps). Each signal is described by four frequencies, thus effecting the distribution of signals within an axis of cubes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002060 two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence-nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000931 heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A 2D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons with the chemical shifts of all (of one type of) their covalently bound heteronuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002061 two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence-total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000931 heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A 2D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of all the protons in a spin system with the chemical shifts of all (of one type of) their covalently bound heteronuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002062 photon cross correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000167 dynamic light scattering A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in concentrated or opaque solutions by illuminating the sample with two laser beams and cross-correlating the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered light caused by Brownian motion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002063 colloid method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method Any method for the synthesis or processing of colloids (mixtures where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002064 emulsion method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002063 colloid method A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002065 Pickering emulsion method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002064 emulsion method A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquid by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. The emulsion is stablised by adding finely divided insoluble solid particles (e.g. latex or silica). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002066 trituration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002231 purification Purification of crude chemical compounds containing solid impurities where a solvent is chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are very soluble (or vice versa). The crude material is washed with the solvent and filtered away, leaving the purified product in solid form and any impurities in solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002067 variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000776 linear dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the absorption of linearly (p-) polarised UV-vis light by a poled thin film sample, as it is rotated about the vertical axis, is recorded at incremental angles of incidence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002068 ratio variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002067 variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy Variable-angle polarised absorption spectroscopy where the angle-independent s-polarisation of the light is also measured as a reference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002069 TE buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001754 Tris buffer A buffer solution where the pH is maintained by Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). TE buffer is used to protect DNA or RNA from degradation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002070 near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000830 X-ray spectrum A plot of intensity vs. energy obtained by measuring the number and energy of X-rays absorbed by the sample within 40 eV of the absorption edge (the part of the spectrum where the incident X-ray energy matches the binding energy of an electron). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002071 isothermal titration calorimetry curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of energy against time obtained from the measurement of the heat evolved during a chemical or biochemical reaction (such as protein-receptor binding). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002072 ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002232 spectrophotometer A piece of apparatus that consists of: a light source; a holder for the sample; a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light; a detector, and is used to measure spectra in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (190-2000 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002073 thermogravimetry curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of weight% vs. temperature, usually consisting of a series of steps, obtained by measuring the mass of a sample during heating. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002074 79Br nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 79Br nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002075 29Si cross-polarisation magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000617 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 29Si nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002076 isothermal calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000682 calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a chemical or biochemical reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002077 isobaric calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000682 calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant pressure during a chemical or biochemical reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002078 scanning calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000682 calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of one variable, whilst a second is kept constant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002079 adiabatic scanning calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002080 temperature-controlled scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. Scanning rates on the order of a few mK min-1 are used and a constant power is continuously applied to (or extracted from) the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002080 temperature-controlled scanning calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002078 scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure is kept constant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002081 pressure-controlled scanning calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002078 scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the pressure, whilst the temperature is kept constant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002082 dynamic scanning calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002078 scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002083 dynamic differential scanning calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002085 temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a saw-tooth wave. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002084 modulated differential scanning calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002085 temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. The power input is in the form of a sine wave. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002085 temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000684 differential scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction of both a sample and a reference, by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of temperature whilst a second variable is kept constant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002086 laser-assisted particle removal http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001132 laser ablation A sample preparation method where (contaminated) material is removed from a specimen by illuminating it with a laser beam. An energy transfer medium is illuminated with the laser beam, and preferentially absorbs energy into capillary spaces under and around the particles on the contaminated specimen. This energy transfer causes explosive evaporation of the energy transfer medium, and the propulsion of particles off the specimen μch like a small rocket engine. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002087 thermophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000999 separation method A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002088 laser-induced thermophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002087 thermophoresis A separation method where particles move at different speeds according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002089 laser-induced simultaneous thermophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002088 laser-induced thermophoresis A separation method where two or more particles (e.g. proteins) are separated according to their thermal conductivity in a separation medium, across which a thermal gradient (produced by laser irradiation) is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002090 volume perturbation calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002078 scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction. The temperature and pressure is measured whilst the sample volume is slightly perturbed by the extension of piezoelectric crystals. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002091 pressure perturbation calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002080 temperature-controlled scanning calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) during a chemical or biochemical reaction by the known variation (step-wise or linear) of the temperature, whilst the pressure (10-100 atm) is kept constant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002092 volumetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay A method for determining the exact amount of an analyte by adding an equivalent amount of a reagent of exactly known concentration to the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002093 fluorescence-activated droplet sorting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000061 flow cytometry A method for separating cells, where each one is suspended in a single aqueous droplet. A fluorogenic substrate is embedded in each cell and any cellular enzymes present bind to it producing fluorescence. The droplets then flow over a microfluidic chip which sorts each one according to the intensity of the fluorescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002094 neutral buoyancy densiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002095 densiometry The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the neutral buoyancy of an object (the point at which it maintains a constant depth) in the solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002095 densiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the density of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002096 vibrating-tube densiometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002095 densiometry The measurement of the density of a solution by determining the resonant frequency of a quartz U-tube which holds about 1 mL of sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002097 electron transfer detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method that is sensitive to peptides. Anions transfer electrons to multiply protonated peptides inducing fragmentation of the peptide backbone. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002098 electron transfer dissociation tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000575 tandem mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry involving multiple mass-selection steps, where anions transfer electrons to multiply protonated peptides (resulting in fragmentation) between each mass-selection stage. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002099 holography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000185 imaging assay The recording of an interference pattern on a photographic film. Coherent light from a laser is reflected from an object and combined at the film with light from a reference beam. Both the phase and amplitude of the light scattered by the object is recorded. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002100 four-wave mixing spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000435 laser spectroscopy Spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002101 femtosecond two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002103 two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy Spectroscopy where three femtosecond pulse incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002102 degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002100 four-wave mixing spectroscopy Spectroscopy where one laser beam is split into three beams. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002103 two-colour four-wave mixing spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002100 four-wave mixing spectroscopy Spectroscopy where three incident laser beams are mixed, two 'pump' beams of the same frequency and one 'probe' beam of a different frequency. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002104 terahertz four-wave mixing spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002100 four-wave mixing spectroscopy Spectroscopy where three incident terahertz laser beams are mixed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002105 X-ray diffractometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000950 diffractometer A piece of apparatus which illuminates a sample with X-rays and measures the diffraction pattern produced. It typically will contain at least one monochromator to ensure the incident radiation is of a specific energy, a goniometer which allows the geometry of the sample and detector to be precisely specified, and a detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002106 physical blending http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001685 mixing The process of making a polymer blend by mechanically mixing different polymers together in the melt. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002107 enzyme oximetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002108 oximetry Oximetry used to determine the extent of oxygenation of an enzyme, based on the absorption of light by the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002108 oximetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002739 quantitative determination method A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002109 pulse oximetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002108 oximetry Oximetry used to determine the extent of oxygenation of haemoglobin based on the red (600-750 nm) and infrared (800-1000 nm) light absorption characteristics of the oxygenated and deoxygenated forms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002110 electron spin resonance oximetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002108 oximetry A technique used to measure the levels of oxygen in a sample by measuring the enhancement of relaxation rates (proportional to O2 concentration) of paramagnetic species ('labels' or 'probes', e.g. nitroxides) in solution with O2, using ESR spectroscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002111 laser oximetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002108 oximetry A technique used to determine the amount of oxygen in sample based on the absorption of laser radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002112 dynamic nuclear polarisation oximetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002110 electron spin resonance oximetry A technique for measuring the amount of oxygen in a sample by collecting proton nuclear magnetic resonance data whilst irradiating the electron paramagnetic resonance signal from O2. A transfer of polarisation from the electrons to the protons occurs, resulting in an enhancement of the observed NMR signal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002113 near-infrared magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000325 magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised near-infrared radiation in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002114 Kugelrohr distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001543 short-path distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. As the sample mixture to be purified is heated, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser (called a 'Kugelrohr') where they are cooled by water. This technique is used for small amounts of samples with high boiling points (usually >300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002115 oximetry spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of % oxygen vs. time, measured during a process where oxygen is consumed or evolved. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002116 frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001896 dynamic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the resonant frequency of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002117 liquid atomic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001896 dynamic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen that is immersed in a liquid cell. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002119 granulometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the size distribution in a collection of grains. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002120 monochromator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that transmits a narrow band of wavelengths of light or other radiation (e.g. X-rays) chosen from a wider range of wavelengths available at the input. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002121 thermogravimetric analyser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor A piece of apparatus, consisting of a quartz or alumina chamber, a balance, a sample pan and a heating mechanism, which is used to record the mass of a sample as a function of increasing temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002122 sputter coater http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus, consisting of an anode (the specimen) a cathode (the source of sputter atoms or 'target') and a magnet, all held inside a vacuum chamber, which is used to coat specimens with a thin layer of atoms (e.g. Au) prior to microscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002123 zeta-potential measurement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the overall charge a particle acquires in a specific medium. A number of different experimental methods can be used including electrophoretic light scattering and laser Doppler velocimetry. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002124 blow drying http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001549 sample drying The removal of solvent from a sample by the application of an inert gas or air. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002125 high-resolution transmission electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001802 transmission electron micrograph An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with several finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beams under vacuum and using the phase contrast between transmitted interfering electron waves. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002126 amplifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that can increase the power of a signal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002127 patch-clamp amplifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002126 amplifier A piece of apparatus that is used to increase the amplitude of either the voltage or the current output from a patch-clamp (ion-channel measurement) experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002128 73Ge nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 73Ge nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002129 quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill using magic-angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002137 quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill experiment An NMR experiment used to enhance the sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to the spin-spin relaxation rate (T2) and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum. The solid sample is spun rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) to reduce line broadening. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002130 73Ge quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill using magic-angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002129 quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill using magic-angle spinning An NMR experiment for 73Ge nuclei where spin-spin (T2) relaxation times are measured whilst the solid sample is spun rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) to reduce line broadening. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002131 73Ge magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002128 73Ge nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 73Ge nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods between them. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid-state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002132 germanium-73 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for germanium-73 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002133 67Zn nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 67Zn nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002134 25Mg nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 25Mg nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002135 chiral stationary phase gas chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001002 gas chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas and the stationary phase is a chiral, high-boiling-point, thermally-stable liquid such as a chiral polysiloxane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002136 chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001009 high-performance liquid chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid, the stationary phase consists of very small chiral particles and the inlet pressure is relatively high. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002137 quadrupole Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill experiment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method An NMR experiment used to measure spin-spin (T2) relaxation times of quadropolar nucei by acquiring multiple spin echos with the intensity decay of the echos proportional to T2. In the solid state, this is also used to enhance sensitivity of low gyromagnetic ratio nuclei by collapsing the intensity of the 'full' spectrum into discrete 'spikelets'/peaks. The intensities of the peaks vary according to T2 and the envelope described by these peaks represents the full, static spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002138 solid-state quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001299 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002139 magic-angle spinning quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002138 solid-state quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. Line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002140 germanium-73 magic-angle spinning quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002139 magic-angle spinning quadrupolar Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency for 73Ge nuclei vs. intensity, composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a QCPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. Line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the solid sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002141 high-pressure fluorescence correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000288 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume. Ultraviolet light is used to stimulate fluorescence and the sample is held inside a single fused silica microcapillary under high pressure (up to 300 MPa). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002142 continuous-scan cyclic voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000025 cyclic voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The potential is varied as a continuous sine wave and inverts at the end point resulting in a cycle. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002143 conductometric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002144 high-frequency conductometric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002143 conductometric titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is monitored by measuring the conductance of the solution, the current is provided by a high-frequency source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002145 argentometric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by the observing the precipitation of silver compounds following the addition of silver nitrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002146 patterning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method Any synthesis technique involving the transfer of a pattern to a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002147 electrokinetic patterning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002146 patterning Any patterning technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002148 optically induced electrokinetic patterning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002147 electrokinetic patterning Any technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002149 rapid electrokinetic patterning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002148 optically induced electrokinetic patterning A technique that utlilises the movement of particles under the influence of an electric field (e.g. electroosmosis or electrophoresis) in conjunction with illumination of a photosensitive substrate to form a pattern. Particles suspended in DI water are placed between two parallel ITO electrodes biased with an AC signal. Light of wavelength 1064 nm is used to heat the fluid sample and induce an electrohydrodynamic microvortex, bringing the particles towards its centre, forming a pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002150 microemulsion method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002064 emulsion method A method for dispersing two or more immiscible liquids as micrometre-sized droplets by shaking, stirring or homogenising the mixture. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002151 passivation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing Any process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002152 anodisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002153 electrochemical passivation An eletrochemical process that increases the thickness of the oxide layer on the surface of a metal sample in order to make it less reactive. Anodisation proceeds by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, with the sample serving as the anode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002153 electrochemical passivation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002151 passivation Any eletrochemical process that makes one sample unreactive to another, prior to using the samples together. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002154 metallisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition The deposition of a layer of metal on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallisation including evaporation and sputter coating. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002155 aluminium metallisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002154 metallisation The deposition of a layer of aluminium on a substrate (usually to provide electrical contacts in devices). A number of techniques may be used for metallisation including evaporation and sputter coating. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002156 silanisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition The deposition of a layer of silane-like molecules on a surface (e.g. glass or mica) through self-assembly. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002157 deionisation method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The removal of ions from a solution using an ion-exchange method. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002158 Czochralski process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002224 crystal growth method A method of producing large single crystals (of semiconductors or metals) by inserting a small seed crystal into a crucible filled with similar molten material, then slowly pulling the seed up from the melt while rotating it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002159 Verneuil process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002224 crystal growth method A method for preparing synthetic gemstones. A finely powdered sample is melted in an hydrogen-oxygen flame (2000 °C) and crystallising the melted droplets on a boule (a single crystal). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002160 Bridgeman technique http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002224 crystal growth method A method of growing a single crystal 'ingot' or 'boule'. The polycrystalline sample is heated in a container above its melting point and slowly cooled from one end where a seed crystal is located. Single crystal material is then progressively formed along the length of the container. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002161 DNA metallisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002154 metallisation The deposition of a layer of metal on DNA by chemically reducing DNA-complexed metal salts (e.g., Ag, Pd, Pt, and Cu). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002162 titration curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of volume of titrant vs. an independent variable (e.g., pH or enthalpy) obtained from a titration experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002163 drop coating http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001470 coating method The application of a thin cover to a sample by depositing consecutive drops of a solution on its surface, and allowing the solvent to evaporate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002164 metal-ion deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001312 chemical solution deposition The process of the settling of metal ions from a solution or suspension onto a pre-existing surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002165 drop coating deposition Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy A type of Raman spectroscopy where the spectral signal is enhanced by pre-concentration of the sample. Drops of the sample in solution are deposited onto a surface and dry in a 'coffee-ring' pattern. Spectra are then obtained from this ring of excess of material, after evaporation has completed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002166 autoclave http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A thick-walled steel vessel used during synthesis methods that require both high pressures and high temperatures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002167 polyol method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002063 colloid method The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s. The ethylene glycol acts as both the solvent and reducing agent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002168 microwave-polyol method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002167 polyol method The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol)s heated by microwave irradiation. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002169 ultrasound-assisted polyol method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002167 polyol method The synthesis of metal-containing compounds in poly(ethylene glycol) which is irradiated with ultrasonic (>20 kHz) waves. The ethylene glycols act as both the solvent and reducing agent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002170 atomic force micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001824 micrograph An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002171 phase atomic force micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002170 atomic force micrograph An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the drop in amplitude of the oscillating cantilever as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002172 height atomic force micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002170 atomic force micrograph An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the height moved by the tip as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002173 amplitude atomic force micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002170 atomic force micrograph An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the deflection of the tip as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002174 mass detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001709 detection method A detection method where the sample is converted into gaseous ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002175 localised surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000624 surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002176 localised surface plasmon resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000825 surface plasmon resonance spectrum A plot of reflectance vs. incident frequency or angle obtained by measuring the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a Au or Ag nanosized surface) by ultraviolet or visible light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002177 dark-field microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000102 optical microscopy Microscopy where the sample is illuminated with visible light that is not collected by the objective lens. Only the light scattered by the specimen is collected by the lens, producing an image of a light specimen on a black background. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002178 dark-field optical micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001825 optical micrograph An image obtained by illuminating the specimen with visible light that is not collected by the objective lens. Only the light scattered by the specimen is collected by the lens, producing an image of a light specimen on a black background. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002179 dark-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000582 microspectrophotometry Spectroscopy where a dark-field optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for spectral analysis with radiation in the ultraviolet to near infrared range. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002180 inverted microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000947 optical microscope A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, condenser and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. In an inverted microscope the light source and condenser are mounted above the stage, while the objective lens and turret are mounted below the stage. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002181 charge-coupled-device camera http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a CCD (a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a charge) and then reproduces an image of the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002182 electron-multiplying charge-coupled device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000948 charge-coupled device A piece of apparatus, based on a semiconductor chip, which converts the intensity of light falling onto its surface at different points into a potential difference. The device contains a gain register that amplifies the electrical signal by impact ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002183 electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device camera http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002181 charge-coupled-device camera A piece of apparatus that converts optical brightness into an electrical signal using a EMCCD and then reproduces an image of the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002184 optical extinction spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the amount of light transmitted through a sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002185 optical extinction spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of extinction (or transmittance) vs. wavelength (or wavenumber) obtained by measuring the amount of radiation transmitted through a sample as a function of the wavelength of the incident radiation. Optical extinction spectra can also be derived theoretically. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002186 polarisation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000435 laser spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is irradiated with an initial pulse of polarised laser light (the 'pump') and the change in polarisation of a second laser pulse (the 'probe') is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002187 generalised polarisation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000287 fluorescence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where a spectral shift, in fluorescence spectrum, which depends on the phase of lipid membranes is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002188 laurdan generalised polarisation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002187 generalised polarisation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the difference between the red and blue fluorescence emission of the fluorescent probe laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2- dimethylaminonaphthalene), which depends on the phase of lipid membranes, is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002189 microspectrofluorometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000049 chemical imaging A type of chemical imaging where an optical microscope is used to image the sample and locate a small area for fluorescence spectroscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002190 small-angle powder X-ray diffraction data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000851 powder X-ray diffraction data Data which is obtained from an X-ray diffraction experiment where the specimen is a powder and the X-rays are incident on the sample at small angles (0-10 degrees). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002191 nanosphere lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002146 patterning A patterning technique that involves the self-assembly of nanospheres into a two-dimensional mask (by e.g. spin coating or drop coating). Following self-assembly, a metal is then deposited (e.g. by thermal evaporation, electron beam deposition or pulsed laser deposition) and the nanosphere mask is removed by sonicating the entire sample in a solvent, leaving behind the pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002192 thermoelectrically cooled angle coating http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001470 coating method A process for applying a thin cover to flat substrates by placing a drop of the coating solution on the substrate and then placing it inside a cooled box (to control the speed of evaporation) at an angle of 9° (to initiate evaporation evaporation from the top of the substrate). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002193 convective self-assembly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001305 self-assembly A synthesis method in which colloidal particle suspensions in thin evaporating films spontaneously (and reversibly) associate by non-covalent interactions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002194 epifluorescence microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000087 fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by illuminating it with light of specific wavelengths. In epifluorescence microscopy light is transmitted through the objective lens onto the specimen, eliminating the need to filter out unwanted light directly from the source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002195 negative-stained transmission electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001802 transmission electron micrograph An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The specimen is stained with heavy metals salts (e.g. uranyl acetate) to improve contrast. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002196 activation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing Any process that involves preparing or exciting a sample for a subsequent reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002197 plasma activation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002196 activation A process that involves improving the adhesion properties of a sample using short pulses of a plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002198 recrystallisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001477 crystallisation A technique for purifying a crystalline sample where the impure sample is dissolved in a small volume of solvent, forming a supersaturated solution. As the temperature of the solution drops, pure crystals form, the impurities remaining dissolved in the solvent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002199 rotary evaporator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus consisting of a motor unit that rotates the evaporation flask, a vacuum system, a heated water bath and a condenser, which is used to remove solvents from samples under reduced pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002200 differential scanning calorimeter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001287 calorimeter A piece of apparatus that is used to measure the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes for both a sample and a reference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002201 matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001289 laser desorption–ionisation mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002202 matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000982 mass spectrometer A mass spectrometer that uses a plate to hold the sample in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) whilst it is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002203 matrix assisted laser desorption-ionisation plate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A extremely flat surface that holds the sample during a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser whilst being held in a matrix to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The surface of the plate may be chemically functionalised for a specific sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002204 solvent casting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002213 polymer synthesis method A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and drawing off the solvent to leave a polymer film adhering to the mould. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002205 solvent casting and particulate leaching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002204 solvent casting A process for forming thermoplastic polymer samples by dipping a mould into a solution of the polymer and particles of known dimension, and drawing off the solvent to leave a composite polymer-particle film adhering to the mould. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002206 polymer precipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001688 precipitation A technique used to isolate and purify polymers. The polymer sample is dissolved in a 'good' organic solvent, and this solution is then poured into a 'poor' solvent . Introduction of the polymer to the poor solvent causes the polymer chains to collapse, aggregate and come out of solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002207 polymer co-precipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001690 co-precipitation The simultaneous precipitation of a normally soluble component with a polymer component from the same solution by the formation of a composite by adsorption, occlusion or mechanical entrapment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002208 solvent evaporation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001574 evaporation The removal of solvent from a sample, usually by the application of heat. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002209 wide-angle X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10°). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002210 platinum sputter deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001364 sputter deposition A synthesis technique where a Pt metal target is bombarded with energetic ions (e.g. Ar+) causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin film of Pt, on a substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002211 wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002209 wide-angle X-ray diffraction A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at the powdered sample and detecting the positions and intensities of the diffracted X-rays as a pattern of spots on a photographic plate. The incident X-ray beam strikes the sample at a wide angle (>10°). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002212 single-particle energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000309 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the energy spectrum of the X-rays emitted, by a single particle, due to core-to-core transitions is measured using a semiconductor detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002213 polymer synthesis method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001301 synthesis method Any method used to prepare a polymer sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002214 phase inversion technique http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002213 polymer synthesis method Any method for the synthesis of polymer membranes that involves the polymer transforming from the liquid phase of the cast solution to the solid phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002215 dry-wet phase inversion technique http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002214 phase inversion technique A technique for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing polymer and solvent, then casting this solution onto a surface and allowing the solvent to partially evaporate. The film is them immersed in a nonsolvent causing solidification. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002216 thermally induced phase separation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002214 phase inversion technique A method for preparing a polymer membrane by mixing the polymer with a substance that acts as a solvent a high temperature and casting the solution into a film. When the solution is cooled, solidification occurs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002217 sample sublimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002231 purification Any technique used to purify a sample by forcing it to pass from the solid to gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002218 fractional sublimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002217 sample sublimation A method for purifying samples by heating the sample under reduced pressure and allowing the fractions to sublime order of increasing sublimation temperature (a function of vapor pressure). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002219 vacuum sublimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002217 sample sublimation A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under vacuum. The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002220 high-vacuum sublimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002219 vacuum sublimation A technique for purifying solid samples by heating the sample under high vacuum (<0.1 Pa). The sample sublimes and the vapours condense as a purified compound on a cooled surface, leaving the non-volatile residue impurities behind. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002221 Lely method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002224 crystal growth method A method for crystal growth where polycrystalline SiC lumps are carefully packed between two concentric graphite tubes. The inner tube is then withdrawn leaving a porous SiC layer inside the outer tube. The outer tube is then heated (~2500 °C) in Ar, causing the SiC powder to sublime and nucleate on a cooler surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002222 seeded sublimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002224 crystal growth method A technique for growing crystals of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 °C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002223 sandwich sublimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002222 seeded sublimation A technique for growing thick (micrometre) epitaxial layers of SiC by heating a source (polycrystalline SiC or powder) at high temperature (1800-2600 °C) and low pressure in an Ar atmosphere causing it to sublime. The vapours then condense on a single crystal of SiC (the 'seed') placed a few mm away. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002224 crystal growth method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001310 sample deposition Any synthesis method used to grow crystals. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002225 Acheson method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002224 crystal growth method A method for growing low-purity polycrystalline SiC. A mixture of silica, carbon, sawdust and NaCl is heated to 2700 °C in a furnace, and the temperature gradually decreased. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002226 energy-dispersive X-ray chemical map http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001891 chemical map A data set derived from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents X-ray energy. The image is obtained by stacking one EDX spectrum per energy value sequentially. Energy values are characteristic of the elements in the sample thus giving a distribution of elements in the imaged area. EDX chemical maps are sometimes shown in false colour. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002227 energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000830 X-ray spectrum A plot of energy (keV) vs. intensity for X-rays emitted by a sample due to core-to-core transitions, following bombardment with electrons. The energies of the emitted X-rays are characteristic of the elements in the sample, therefore peaks are usually labelled with the corresponding element symbol. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002228 cone calorimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000682 calorimetry The measurement of thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials using a cone calorimeter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002229 cone calorimeter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001287 calorimeter A piece of apparatus, consisting of a cone-shaped heater, a hood to collect evolving gases and a laser beam, that is used to measure thermodynamic parameters such as heat release rate, heat of combustion, ignitability, and the evolution of toxic gases, smoke and soot, for flame retarding materials. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002230 ultrasonic dispersion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001525 sample dispersion The distribution of particles of one phase in a continuous phase of a different nature, assisted by sound waves (>20 KHz in frequency). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002231 purification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000999 separation method Any technique used to physically separate an analyte from byproducts, reagents or contaminating substances. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002232 spectrophotometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001234 spectrometer A piece of apparatus used to measure a spectrum by illumination with visible light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002233 site-selection spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000437 direct laser absorption spectroscopy A type spectroscopy where a sub-ensemble of molecules within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption band is selectively excited by means of a narrow-band laser and the fluorescence and phosphorescence signal is detected with a monochromator or interferometer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002234 hole-burning spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002233 site-selection spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where a dye laser is used to remove, from an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line, a narrow homogenous line causing the appearance of a dip ( or 'hole') in a spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002235 abberration-corrected high-angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002613 aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, resulting in a blurred image). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002236 dark-field microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000947 optical microscope A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, a condenser lens, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. An opaque disc is placed underneath the condenser lens, so that only light that is scattered by objects on the slide can reach the eye. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002237 transmission electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray analyser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001099 transmission electron microscope A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron- transparent specimen using a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50-150 kV under vacuum. X-rays emerging from the sample (as a result of electron bombardment) pass through a slit, then a grating disperses them by diffraction according to their wavelength. Finally, X-ray energy (which is characteristic of atomic number) is converted to voltage pulses or 'counts' by a detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002238 transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50-150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of electrons with the specimen produces X-rays (with energies characteristic of atomic number) which are detected as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002239 carbon nanotube synthesis method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002838 nanostructure synthesis Any method used to synthesise carbon nanotubes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002240 arc-discharge method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002239 carbon nanotube synthesis method A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in an inert gas such as He. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002241 hydrogen arc-discharge method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002240 arc-discharge method A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a direct-current arc voltage is applied across two graphite electrodes immersed in H2 gas. When pure graphite rods are used, fullerenes are deposited as soot inside the chamber, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are deposited on the cathode. When a graphite anode containing a metal catalyst (Fe or Co) is used with a pure graphite cathode single-walled carbon nanotubes are generated in the form of soot. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002242 heat-release-rate curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of heat release (W/m2) vs. time obtained during a calorimetry experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002243 electric-field-induced second harmonic generation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000445 indirect laser absorption spectroscopy A type of laser spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a laser of frequency ω whilst a direct-current electric field is applied, allowing the production of the second harmonic (2ω). This technique is used to induce an asymmetry in an otherwise symmetric material as a probe of the molecular hyperpolarisability. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002244 detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device Any piece of apparatus used to detect an analyte. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002245 charge-coupled-device detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002244 detector A detector that uses a silicon chip to convert light into electrical signal. When a photon is absorbed by the Si chip, a single electron is released. Electrodes covering the chip surface hold these electrons in place in an array of wells, or pixels, so that during exposure of the chip to light, a pattern of charge builds up that corresponds to the pattern of light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002246 deuterated triglycine sulfate detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002244 detector A very sensitive room-temperature detector for mid-infrared range measurements that employs temperature-sensitive ferroelectric crystals of deuterated triglycine sulfate. As the temperature and hence polarisability of the crystals changes (due to the absorption of infrared radiation) a charge is generated which is detected by two parallel electrodes. The deuterated form of the crystals are used because they have a higher Curie point. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002247 deuterated lanthanum triglycine sulfate detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002244 detector A very sensitive temperature-controlled detector for mid-infrared range measurement that employs temperature-sensitive ferroelectric crystals of either deuterated lanthanum triglycine sulfate or deuterated L-alanine doped triglycine sulfate. As the temperature and hence polarisability of the crystals changes (due to the absorption of infrared radiation) a charge is generated which is detected by two parallel electrodes. The deuterated forms of the crystals are used because they have a higher Curie point. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002248 mercury cadmium tellurium detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002244 detector A detector for infrared measurements that employs a thin layer of the semiconductor HgCdTe. Incident photons with energy greater than the semiconductor band-gap energy excite electrons into the conduction band, creating an increase in the conductivity of the layer which is detected by two electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002249 porosimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002250 ellipsometric porosimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002249 porosimetry The measurement of the pore diameter, pore-size distribution and total pore volume of a thin porous film sample by measuring the changes in intensity and polarisation of reflected light during vapour adsorption and desorption. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002251 solvent vapour annealing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002213 polymer synthesis method A method applied to polymer films to increase polymer chain mobility. The film is exposed to a solvent atmosphere at room-temperature causing it to swell. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002252 spectrofluorimeter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002232 spectrophotometer A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a monochromator (for selecting a specific excitation wavelength) and a detector, which is used to measure fluorescence spectra. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002253 electron spin resonance spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001234 spectrometer A piece of apparatus, consisting of a microwave radiation source, a resonator (a cavity), a magnet and a detector, that is used to measure electron spin resonance spectra. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002254 immobilised pH gradient-based isoelectric focusing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001026 isoelectric focusing An electrophoresis method for the separation of amphoteric analytes according to their isoelectric points by the application of an electric field along a pH gradient. The pH gradient is formed during casting of the gels therefore cannot be altered during the experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002255 immobilized metal affinity chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001006 affinity chromatography Affinity chromatography where proteins containing amino acids with a specific affinity for metal ions (e.g. His which has an affinity for Co and Zn ions) are retained by the column. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002256 metal oxide affinity chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001006 affinity chromatography A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte-ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002257 hydroxy acid-modified metal oxide chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002256 metal oxide affinity chromatography A chromatography method where the separation is caused by differing analyte–ligand interactions. Phosphorylated proteins and peptides are retained by hydroxy acid-modified metal oxide particles because of their affinity for the phosphate group. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002258 strong-anion-exchange chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001209 anion-exchange chromatography Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a permanent positive charge in aqueous solution, such as quaternary ammonium groups, in the stationary phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002259 weak-anion-exchange chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001209 anion-exchange chromatography Column chromatography where anions are retained by positively charged functional groups that have a positive charge only at high pH, such as amine groups, in the stationary phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002260 strong-cation-exchange chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001210 cation-exchange chromatography Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are permanently negatively charged in aqueous conditions, for example aliphatic sulfonic acid groups, in the stationary phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002261 weak-cation-exchange chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001210 cation-exchange chromatography Column chromatography where cations are retained by functional groups that are negatively charged at low pH, for example aliphatic carboxylic acid groups, in the stationary phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002262 hydrophilic interaction chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001004 liquid chromatography Liquid chromatography where the stationary phase is hydrophilic, the mobile phase is organic and separation is achieved based on polarity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002263 cation-exchange column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002264 ion-exchange column A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a cation exchanger. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002264 ion-exchange column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000997 chromatography column A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an ion exchanger. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002265 anion-exchange column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002264 ion-exchange column A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an anion exchanger. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002266 strong cation-exchange column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002263 cation-exchange column A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a strong cation exchanger. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002267 weak cation-exchange column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002263 cation-exchange column A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a weak cation exchanger. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002268 strong anion-exchange column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002265 anion-exchange column A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a strong anion exchanger. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002269 weak anion-exchange column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002265 anion-exchange column A chromatography column where the stationary phase is a weak anion exchanger. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002270 electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002262 hydrophilic interaction chromatography Hydrophilic interaction chromatography where the chromatography column is an ion-exchange column and the mobile phase is predominantly organic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002271 laser ablation synthesis in solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002063 colloid method A method for obtaining colloidal solutions of nanoparticles by the condensation of a plasma plume formed by the laser ablation of a bulk metal plate dipped in a solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002272 two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000204 small-angle X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10°). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002273 two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001911 small-angle X-ray scattering data Data which is obtained from an X-ray scattering experiment where two separate beams of X-rays scattered by a sample at low angles (0–10 deg). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002274 size-exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000271 liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A method where the sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography and then excited using a plasma generated by electromagnetic induction, and the emission of electromagnetic radiation from the sample at characteristic wavelengths is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002275 native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001023 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002276 blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002275 native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002277 clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002275 native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis A separation method where protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and is used to separate acidic water-soluble and membrane proteins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002278 quantitative preparative native continuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002277 clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis A separation method where metalloprotein molecules move at different speeds, in a buffer with pH 10, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. This method does not use a dye to transfer charge to the protein molecules and the concentration of metal atoms from the metallproteins is determined by ICP-MS. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002279 native–native two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001106 two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002280 ion-pair chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001001 column chromatography A type of column chromatography in which ions in solution can be 'paired' or neutralised and separated as an ion pair on a reversed-phase column. Ion-pairing agents are usually ionic compounds that contain a hydrocarbon chain. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002281 ion-pair chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000873 ion-exchange chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by ion-pair chromatography (where sample ions are 'paired' or neutralised and separated as an ion pair on a reversed-phase column) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002282 scanning transmission electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001802 transmission electron micrograph An image obtained by scanning the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002283 electron-beam sputter deposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001364 sputter deposition A synthesis technique where a solid target is bombarded with electrons causing atoms to be ejected ('sputtering'). The ejected atoms then deposit, as a thin-film, on a substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002284 raster image correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000762 scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the spontaneous fluorescence intensity fluctuations of a sample are measured and correlated within a very small detection volume which is moving with respect to the sample. The temporal and spatial correlation between adjacent pixels, lines and frames is calculated allowing for the mapping of local translational diffusion coefficients. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002285 scanning near-field ellipsometric microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000118 scanning near-field microscopy Microscopy where a metal-coated AFM tip is positioned very close to the surface of the specimen (in the near-field) and an image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the tip in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the change in the polarisation of incident light when it is reflected from a surface as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002286 polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000636 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarised radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002287 pyrolysis Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001264 pyrolysis infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is first chemically degraded by heating then its absorption of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) is measured and the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002288 time-resolved polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002286 polarised Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of polarised radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained, recorded as a function of time, is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002289 fast Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000636 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs a single pulse of radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm) and the spectrum obtained is subject to a fast Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002290 infrared transmission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000628 vibrational spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the transmission of infrared radiation (0.78–1000 μm) through a sample is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002291 dispersive infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 μm). The infrared beam is passed through a diffraction grating which separates (or disperses) the wavelength of the light and directs each wavelength individually through a slit to a detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002292 near-infrared surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000624 surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the resonant excitation of surface plasmons (usually on a noble metal e.g. Au or Ag surface) by radiation from the near infrared region (0.8–2 μm) is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002293 magnetophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000999 separation method A separation method where magnetic particles move at different speeds according to their magnetic susceptibilities in a separation medium, across which a magnetic field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002294 split flow thin fractionation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001632 magnetic field-flow fractionation A technique for separating magnetic and nonmagentic particles by placing the sample in a narrow channel and applying a magnetic field. Magnetic particles are dragged away from their stream into a separate buffer stream, leaving the nonmagnetic particles behind. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002295 electron-induced photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is bombarded with electrons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons, the energies of which are measured. The energy of the incident electrons is usually greater than the ionisation energy of the sample and the photoelectrons are emitted with the excess in the form of kinetic energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002297 electron-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000311 particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002298 proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000311 particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy X-ray emission spectroscopy where the X-rays are generated by bombarding the sample with a focused beam of high-energy protons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002299 phosphorescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001257 photoluminescence detection The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002300 thermoluminescence detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000057 luminescence detection The detection of luminescence exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002301 13C–13C correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000599 correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 13C nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002302 reversed-phase chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and non-polar, while the other is polar and moves in a definite direction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002303 gradient-elution chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002402 elution chromatography A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In gradient-elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase is gradually increased during the separation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002304 isocratic-elution chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002402 elution chromatography A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In isocratic elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase remains constant during the separation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002305 step-wise elution chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002402 elution chromatography A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile' phase). In stepwise elution chromatography the elution solvent strength of the mobile phase is increased during the separation as a series of discrete steps. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002306 magnetic circular dichroism spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000808 circular dichroism spectrum A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised photon radiation as a function of wavelength in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002307 Tris–tricine buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001462 buffer solution A buffer where the pH is maintained by Tris–Htris, where Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid–N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-ammonioethanesulfonate equilibria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002308 spectropolarimeter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001234 spectrometer A piece of apparatus, consisting of a Xe lamp, a sample holder and at least two polarising filters, that is used to measure optical rotations in solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002309 quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000981 time-of-flight mass spectrometer A time-of-flight mass spectrometer that uses an orthogonal-acceleration ion source. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002310 tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000981 time-of-flight mass spectrometer A mass spectrometer which uses two time-of-flight mass-to-charge analysers in sequence to separate ions. The first time-of-flight analyser isolates precursor ions of choice using a velocity filter, and the second time-of-flight analyser detects the fragment ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002311 X-ray fluorescence microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002312 X-ray microscopy An imaging technique where a beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the intensities of the X-rays emitted due to core-to-core transitions (known as 'X-ray fluorescence') are detected as a function of wavelength and position. As these energies are element-specific, X-ray fluorescence microscopy can be used to determine spatially-resolved elemental composition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002312 X-ray microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000067 microscopy An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002313 transmission X-ray microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002312 X-ray microscopy An imaging technique where a finely focused beam of X-rays is directed at the specimen and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002314 scanning transmission X-ray microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002313 transmission X-ray microscopy An imaging technique where a finely focused (20–50 nm) beam of X-rays is scanned over the surface of the specimen, and the energies and intensities of the transmitted X-rays are measured as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002315 pulsed-field electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001019 electrophoresis A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (a field in which the voltage changes direction). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002316 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002315 pulsed-field electrophoresis A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their electrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium consisting of gel, across which a pulsed electric field is applied (one in which the voltage direction is periodically switched among three directions; one that runs through the central axis of the gel and two that run at an angle of 120° either side). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002317 liquid–liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001004 liquid chromatography Column chromatography where both the mobile phase and the stationary phase are liquids. The stationary phase μst be immiscible and insoluble in the mobile phase and is usually supported on a suitable material such as a diatomaceous earth. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002318 liquid–solid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001004 liquid chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid and the stationary phase is a solid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002319 vapour-phase growth http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002239 carbon nanotube synthesis method A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where an organometallic precursor (typically tungsten-based) is vaporised then heated in an Ar and C2H2 atmosphere to 950 °C. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002320 chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002239 carbon nanotube synthesis method A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes where a hydrocarbon vapor (such as methane) is thermally decomposed in a tube furnace in the presence of a metal catalyst. Carbon nanotubes grow over the catalyst and are collected upon cooling. Low temperatures yield multi-walled carbon nanotubes, whereas high temperatures favour single-walled carbon nanotubes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002321 high-pressure carbon monoxide method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002239 carbon nanotube synthesis method A synthesis method for carbon nanotubes that involves mixing high pressure (e.g. 30 atmospheres) CO that has been preheated (1000 °C) and a catalyst precursor gas (metal carbonyl or metallocene). Under these conditions the precursor decomposes forming metal particle clusters on which carbon nanotubes nucleate and grow. The carbon nanotubes are 99% single-walled carbon nanotubes with small diameters (e.g., (5,5) tubes). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002322 laser vaporisation method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002239 carbon nanotube synthesis method A method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes where a laser beam (typically a YAG laser) is focused onto a graphite–metal target located in a quartz tube surrounded by a furnace. The target is vaporised in high temperature Ar gas producing single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes which are collected at a trap. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002323 high-resolution transmission electron microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001099 transmission electron microscope A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of an electron transparent specimen using several finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beams with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV under vacuum. The amplitude of the interference of the transmitted electron waves is then measured and the phase contrast is used to produce an image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002324 density-gradient ultracentrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002017 density-gradient centrifugation A method where the components of a sample are separated on the basis of their density, in a dense medium or density gradient, in a centrifuge, according to the centrifugal force they experience. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002325 alternating-current dielectrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001044 dielectrophoresis A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which an alternating electric field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002326 direct-current dielectrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001044 dielectrophoresis A separation method where colloidal particles move at different speeds according to their dielectrophoretic mobilities in a separation medium, across which a direct electric field is applied. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002327 gas-phase plasma hydrocarbonation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002239 carbon nanotube synthesis method A synthesis method for semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes where as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes are treated with a methane plasma at 400–600 °C in a vacuum and the metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes are selectively etched. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002328 high-resolution electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001800 electron micrograph An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage under vacuum, and detecting the transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons, and characteristic X-rays emitted. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002329 high-resolution electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000068 electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. HREM imaging is used to explore crystal structures and imperfections on the atomic scale. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002331 inelastic tunnelling spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of current (or a first or higher derivative of current with respect to voltage) vs. voltage obtained by measuring the tunnelling current through a metal-oxide-metal sandwich. Molecules are adsorbed onto the oxide and these molecules can affect the tunnelling via the excitation of vibrational states. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002332 19F solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000614 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states 19F nuclei in a solid sample placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002333 blue native two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001106 two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein molecules move at different speeds, in non-denaturing conditions, according to their charge and frictional forces in a separation medium consisting of polyacrylamide gel, across which an electric field is applied. The dye Coomassie blue is used to transfer charge to the protein. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002334 matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002335 laser desorption ionisation An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002335 laser desorption ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001658 ionisation method An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002336 surface-enhanced laser desorption–ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002335 laser desorption ionisation An ionisation method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is mixed with a matrix compound (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) and deposited on a surface, with some chemical functionality, to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002337 electrospray ionisation quadrupole detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002174 mass detection A mass detection method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. The ions are then characterised by a mass-to-charge analyser that uses a quadrupolar potential (generated by four parallel electrodes) to constrain the trajectories of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002338 electrospray ionisation time-of-flight quadrupole detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002174 mass detection A mass detection method where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution of the sample through a small heated capillary into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets (or by collision with solvent ions produced by the same process). The ions are then held in a stable orbit by an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes (a 'quadrupole') and accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002339 matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation tandem time-of-flight detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002174 mass detection A mass detection method where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The ions are then characterised by two time-of-flight mass-to-charge analysers (where the ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured) in sequence. The first isolates precursor ions of choice using a velocity filter, and the second detects the fragment ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002340 lock-in amplifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002126 amplifier A piece of apparatus that can increase the power of a signal with a known carrier wave from an extremely noisy environment. A lock-in amplifier uses a frequency mixer to convert the signal's phase and amplitude into a DC voltage signal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002341 high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000856 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) and using a high-resolution magnetic susceptibility matching probe. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002342 high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000812 electrospray ionisation mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. When the ions are analysed using their mass-to-charge ratios the exact mass is determined as opposed to the nominal mass (the number of protons and neutrons). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002343 relaxometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001215 magnetic resonance method The measurement of relaxation variables in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device An electrically-conducting piece of apparatus that exchanges electrons with an electrolyte as part of an electrical circuit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002345 reference electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode An electrode through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002346 indicator electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode An electrode at which the potential is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002347 gas electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode An electrode that participates in a redox couple where the other partner is a gas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002348 hydrogen gas electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002347 gas electrode A reference electrode based on the equilibrium between aqueous protons and electrons on one side and hydrogen gas on the other, in solutions saturated with hydrogen gas. Typically it is made of a thin foil of platinum electrolytically coated with a finely divided deposit of platinum or palladium metal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002349 boundary between portions of material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000140 continuant fiat boundary A two-dimensional surface that separates two portions of material of different compositions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002350 liquid junction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002349 boundary between portions of material A boundary between two electrolyte solutions of different composition, across which arises a potential difference, called the liquid junction potential. In an operational pH cell, the junction is between the test solution and the filling solution or bridge solution of the reference electrode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002351 electrochemical cell http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus in which a current causes chemical reactions or chemical reactions cause a current to flow. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002352 operational pH cell http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002351 electrochemical cell An electrochemical cell which is used for practical pH measurements, consisting of a hydrogen ion-responsive electrode and a reference electrode immersed in the test solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002353 pH glass electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode A hydrogen-ion-responsive electrode consisting of a piece, usually a bulb, of special glass attached to a stem of high-resistance glass complete with internal reference electrode and internal filling solution system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002354 pH measurement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000003 electrochemical analysis The measurement of pH, the negative logarithm to base ten of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. Operationally the pH of a solution X, pH(X), is measured relative to that of a standard reference solution, pH(S), and defined as pH(X) = pH(S) - (E(X) - E(S))/(RT/F)ln 10, where E(X) and E(S) are the electromotive forces measured in cells containing the solution X and the reference solution respectively. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002355 pH sensor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor A piece of apparatus which is used to measure pH. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002356 silver/silver chloride reference electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002345 reference electrode A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between silver metal and silver(I) chloride. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002357 saturated calomel electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002345 reference electrode A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between mercury metal and mercury(I) chloride. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002358 auxiliary electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode An electrode that serves merely to carry the current flowing through an electrochemical cell. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002359 gradient-selected correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000599 correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002360 gradient-selected heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000603 heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the nuclei to which they are covalently bound. A spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field is applied with a defined gradient and used to either select a particular signal or to render unwanted signals undetectable. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002361 nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000812 electrospray ionisation mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment , where the ions are obtained by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small capillary (at a flow rate of nL min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002362 Zimm plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002363 scattering data A plot obtained from a scattering experiment on large particles which is used to determine the average molecular weight of the (polymer) sample. The plot typically consists of a grid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002363 scattering data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001910 structure data Data which is obtained from a scattering experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002364 hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001602 liquid-phase micro-extraction The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 μm diameter). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002365 continuous flow hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002364 hollow fibre liquid-phase micro-extraction The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase immobilised within the pores of the wall of a porous hollow fibre (<10 μm diameter). The aqueous phase is allowed to flow continuously through the fibre, allowing mass transfer to occur. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002366 continuous-flow liquid-phase micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001602 liquid-phase micro-extraction A process for transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by injecting one phase into a glass chamber using a conventional microsyringe and holding the microlitre droplet at the outlet tip of a PTFE connecting tube. The other phase then flows continuously over the droplet, allowing mass transfer to occur. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002367 liquid-liquid-liquid micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001602 liquid-phase micro-extraction The process of transferring a microlitre amount of an ionisable substance from an aqueous phase to another aqueous phase, via an organic phase, by performing simultaneous extraction and back-extraction between the phases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002368 static liquid-phase micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001602 liquid-phase micro-extraction The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by suspending a microlitre-sized drop of the organic phase in a large volume of the aqueous phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002369 dynamic liquid-phase micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001602 liquid-phase micro-extraction The process of transferring a substance from an aqueous phase to an organic phase (or vice versa) by the repeated movement of a microsyringe. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002370 headspace liquid-phase micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001602 liquid-phase micro-extraction The process of transferring a substance from an organic phase to an aqueous phase (or vice versa) by heating the organic sample within a confined space in the presence of an aqueous acceptor droplet suspended on the tip of a microsyringe. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002371 potentiometric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the potential difference between indicator and reference electrodes under conditions where the current passed is sufficiently small to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002372 electronic tongue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor A piece of apparatus that measures and compares tastes using a number of discrete sensors; usually one for each of the five taste categories; sourness, saltiness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002373 surface-enhanced non-resonance Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001986 non-resonance Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a visible laser, by a sample adsorbed onto a metal (Au, Ag or Cu) surface is detected. The energy of the incoming laser is adjusted such that it or the scattered light does not coincide with an electronic transition within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002374 109Ag nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 109Ag nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002375 109Ag cross-polarisation magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000617 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 109Ag nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002376 1H–109Ag heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000603 heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 109Ag nuclei to which they are covalently bound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002377 1H–113Cd heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000603 heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 113Cd nuclei to which they are covalently bound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002378 113Cd–113Cd correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000599 correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 113Cd nuclei that are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002379 1H–113Cd heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000600 heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 113Cd nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002380 1H–13C heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000600 heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 13C nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002381 1H–31P heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000600 heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and 31P nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002382 double-quantum-filtered correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000599 correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). The response is edited by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in the experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002383 113Cd–113Cd double-quantum-filtered correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002382 double-quantum-filtered correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 113Cd nuclei which are J-coupled (usually <=3 bonds apart). The response is edited by selecting only two-spin coupled systems, usually achieved by appropriate cycling of the phase (direction of application) of the pulses in the experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002384 dielectrometric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the relative permittivity of the solution as a function of the solution volume. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002385 mid-infrared microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000050 infrared microscopy Microscopy that involves the collection of spatially resolved mid-infrared spectra (3–8 μm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002386 dielectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the relative permittivity of a solution as a function of concentration. Measurements are made indirectly across the resistance of the solution with alternating current. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002387 chromatogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment. Different peaks in the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002388 ion chromatogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002387 chromatogram A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002389 total ion chromatogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002388 ion chromatogram A plot of the total ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. selectivity in the data. The total ion current chromatogram monitors a very large window often of several hundred mass-to-charge units. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002390 base peak intensity chromatogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002388 ion chromatogram A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. The base peak intensity chromatogram represents the intensity of the most intense peak at any one time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002391 selected ion chromatogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002388 ion chromatogram A plot of ion current vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment with mass detection. A small mass window is monitored such that the mass chromatogram represents detection of a very specific mass-to-charge ratio. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002392 electron ionisation mass spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000806 mass spectrum A plot of relative abundance (%) vs. mass-to-charge ratio obtained from a mass spectrometry experiment where the sample is ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002393 ion-selective electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode An electrode which responds to the activity of a primary ion in presence of various other (interfering) ions in the sample solution. Ion-selective electrodes contain a selective membrane which contains fixed or mobile sites that interact with ions in solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002394 dropping mercury electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode An electrode formed by a sequence of mercury drops falling from a small aperture. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002395 hanging mercury drop electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002394 dropping mercury electrode An electrode formed of a partial mercury drop of controlled geometry and surface area at the end of a capillary. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002396 electrostatic detection apparatus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus which is used to detect footwear marks and indented impressions of handwriting in paper. The sample sheet of paper is placed on a sintered copper plate, a vacuum is applied and a thin mylar plastic film is rolled over the sample. An electrostatic charge is then applied to the plastic by means of a corona discharge and the subsequent pattern of charging is then visualised using photocopier toner. The toner adheres to those areas corresponding to indentations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002397 solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of nuclei with non-zero spin, in a sample dissolved in a deuterated solvent, to a perturbing magnetic field is detected. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002398 1H–15N heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000603 heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 15N nuclei to which they are covalently bound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002399 1H–13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000603 heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between protons and the 13C nuclei to which they are covalently bound. The magnetisation of both the proton and the 13C nucleus is allowed to evolve over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002400 15N–15N correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000599 correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 15N nuclei which are J-coupled (usually ⩽3 bonds apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002401 normal-phase chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography A separation method where the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary and polar, while the other is non-polar and moves in a definite direction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002402 elution chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001001 column chromatography A chromatography method where the stationary bed is within a tube and the mobile phase moves continuously through the column and the analyte is detected as it emerges from the column. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002403 partition chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences between the solubility of the sample components in the stationary phase (gas chromatography), or on differences between the solubilities of the components in the mobile and stationary phases (liquid chromatography) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002404 deuterium-decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of NMR spectroscopy where (J/scalar) couplings to 2H nuclei are cancelled by applying radio frequency radiation to saturate or otherwise manipulate the 2H spins such that no evolution of the coupling occurs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002405 competition dialysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001522 dialysis The separation of molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. In competition dialysis an array of nucleic acid structures and sequences is dialysed against a common test ligand solution. After equilibration, the amount of ligand bound to each structure or sequence is determined by absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Since all structures and sequences are in equilibrium with the same free ligand concentration, the amount bound is directly proportional to the ligand binding affinity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002406 fluorescence quenching method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000060 fluorescence detection Any method that involves observing, or measuring the time take for, loss of fluorescence in a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002407 citrate–phosphate buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001734 phosphate buffer A phosphate buffer, containing citric acid and sodium phosphate, where the pH is maintained by citrate–citric acid and phosphate–hydrogen phosphate equilibria. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002408 spectrophotometric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002409 absorption titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the range ultraviolet to near-infrared (0.1–2.5 μm) by the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002409 absorption titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation by the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002410 ultraviolet titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002409 absorption titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the absorbance of radiation in the ultraviolet range (190–400 nm) by the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002411 absorbance titration curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002162 titration curve A plot of volume of titrant vs. absorbance obtained from an absorbance titration experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002412 ultraviolet melting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001682 sample melting The process of heating a substance by irradiation with ultraviolet light (190–400 nm) to cause the solid–liquid phase change. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002413 cryogenic electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000068 electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C, is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002414 scattering spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Any method that measures the amount of light that a substance scatters at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002415 luminescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of luminescence emitted by molecules excited is detected as a function of wavelength or time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002416 phosphorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002415 luminescence spectroscopy The detection of luminescence emitted over a long timescale from a sample, as a result of irradiation with light, as a function of wavelength or time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002417 radio frequency spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy using short pulses of radiation from the radio frequency (MHz) range. Radio frequency spectroscopy is used to probe cold gas atoms and single ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002418 block copolymer micelle nanolithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001391 nanolithography A synthesis technique involving the transfer of a nanosized pattern to a material using a micelle solution of a block copolymer. A glass or silicon substrate is dipped into the solution, retrieved, and the solvent is allowed to evaporate in air. A plasma treatment (O2, H2 or Ar) is performed to remove the polymer shell leaving a pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002419 one-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001928 one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002420 two-dimensional 1H–1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000932 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A two-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the chemical shift of a correlated nucleus. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002421 three-dimensional 1H–1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001929 three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A three-dimensional plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for hydrogen-1 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. Signals are defined in terms of three frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other two, by the chemical shifts of correlated nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002422 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A spectrum that shows the response of spin-active nuclei to radio frequency radiation in an applied magnetic field. The resonance frequencies of nuclei approximately 6 \AA apart which are correlated by the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect are plotted with intensities proportional to the populations of nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002423 melting curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of signal vs. temperature for a sample that is heated to cause the solid–liquid phase change. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002424 ultraviolet melting curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002423 melting curve A plot of absorbance vs. temperature for a sample that is heated by irradiation with a specific wavelength of ultraviolet light (range 190–400 nm) to cause the solid–liquid phase change. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002425 sol–gel template synthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001313 sol–gel method The process of the settling of (nm sized) particles from a colloidal suspension onto a pre-existing surface, resulting in a ceramic thin film. The desired solid particles (e.g. metal alkoxides) are suspended in a liquid, forming the 'sol', which is deposited on a membrane template or mould by spinning, dipping or coating, The particles in the sol are polymerised by partial evaporation of the solvent, or addition of an initiator, forming the 'gel', which is then heated at high temperature to give the final solid product. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002426 galvanostat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that maintains the current through an electrochemical cell at a preset value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002427 potentiostat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that maintains the potential through an electrochemical cell at a preset value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002428 quasi-reference electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002345 reference electrode An electrode based on a ferrocene or cobaltocene redox couple internal standard through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002429 pseudo-reference electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002345 reference electrode An electrode through which no appreciable current is allowed to flow and is used to observe or control the potential at a working electrode. A pseudo-reference electrode, such as a Ag wire, fulfils the role of a reference electrode but the electrochemical processes allowing it to do so are not well understood, in contrast to a true reference electrode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002430 UV-assisted capillary force lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001783 capillary force lithography A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200–400 nm). The system is then further exposed to UV light and capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould. After cooling to ambient temperature, the mould is removed, generating the negative replica of the mould pattern. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002431 two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002430 UV-assisted capillary force lithography A process for shaping pliable thermoplastic polymers. An elastomeric (polyurethane acrylate) mould is placed on a UV-curable polymer that has been spin- or drop-coated onto a substrate and partially cured using UV light (200–400 nm). Capillary force allows the polymer melt to fill up the void space between the polymer and the mould, generating a negative replica of the mould pattern. The process is repeated with a second mould and exposure to UV light. Two-step UV-assisted capillary force lithography is used to generate micro/nanoscale combined hierarchical structures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002432 oxygen plasma etching http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001560 plasma etching The process of removing a thin layer of a sample surface using short pulses of an oxygen plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals e.g. O, O+ and O2+). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002433 interferometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement of the properties of two or more lasers or waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their superposition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002434 heterodyne detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002433 interferometry The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002435 homodyne detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002433 interferometry The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of the same wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002436 optical heterodyne detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002434 heterodyne detection The measurement of the intensity of the light resulting from the interference of two lasers of different wavelength at the beat frequency. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002437 reflection interference contrast microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000106 optical interference microscopy Microscopy that determines the specimen's shape and distance away from a nearby, usually flat, reflective surface from the interference pattern produced by light reflecting from both the object and the surface. A microscope objective focusses a laser on the fluorescent specimen, and the same objective collects fluorescence. The interference between the fluorescence directly emitted by the specimen and the fluorescence reflected by the surface is observed by measuring the intensity of fluorescence passing through a confocal pinhole. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002438 Hank's balanced salt solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001734 phosphate buffer A solution, containing CaCl2, KCl, KH2PO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2HPO4, D-glucose and phenol red, that resists changes to its pH. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002439 Earle's balanced salt solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001734 phosphate buffer A solution, containing CaCl2, MgSO4, KCl, NaHCO3, NaCl, NaH2PO4 and phenol red, that resists changes to its pH. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002441 tungsten-183 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of chemical shift vs. intensity for tungsten-183 nuclei obtained by measuring the effect of the absorption of radio frequency radiation on nuclear spin-state transitions in the presence of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002442 one-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000592 one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 1H nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them, and the spectrum is obtained by plotting chemical shift vs. frequency. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002443 two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000598 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between interacting 1H nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002444 microwave oven http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus, consisting of a high- voltage transformer, a cavity magnetron, a waveguide and a sample chamber, that is used to heat samples by irradiation with microwave (2 GHz) radiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002445 pump-probe spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000435 laser spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002446 femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002445 pump-probe spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second laser pulse (the 'probe') after a fs delay. The pump pulse creates excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002447 pump–repump–probe spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002445 pump-probe spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') followed by a second pump laser pulse, and finally a third laser pulse (the 'probe') after a short delay. The two pump pulses create excitations in the sample, which are sensed by the probe pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002448 pump–dump–probe spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002445 pump-probe spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with an initial laser pulse (the 'pump') which causes excitations within the sample. This is followed by a second laser pulse which is tuned to the correct frequency to excite transitions resonantly back down to the lower electronic state (the 'dump'). After a short delay a third laser pulse (the 'probe') is used to sense changes in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002449 1H correlation spectroscopy spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002450 correlation spectroscopy spectrum A two-dimensional spectrum in which the position of a peak, in one dimension, corresponds to the chemical shift of a particular hydrogen nucleus and, in the other dimension, to the chemical shift of a hydrogen nucleus which is J-coupled to the first. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002450 correlation spectroscopy spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000932 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A two-dimensional spectrum in which the position of a peak, in one dimension, corresponds to the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and, in the other dimension, to the chemical shift of a nucleus which is J-coupled to the first. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002451 liquid chromatography at the critical condition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001004 liquid chromatography Column chromatography where the mobile phase is a liquid held at or near its critical point. Liquid chromatography at the critical condition is used to determine functionality distributions in polymers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002452 liquid chromatography at the critical condition-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000524 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography, where the liquid is held at or near its critical point, before being converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002453 liquid chromatography at the critical condition-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002452 liquid chromatography at the critical condition-mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography, where the liquid is held at or near its critical point, before being ionised by forcing the solution (usually in an organic solvent) through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002454 cold-field-emission scanning electron microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000941 scanning electron microscope A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by applying a high voltage to a tungsten crystal (cold-field emission) with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen under vacuum and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002455 195Pt nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the energy states of 195Pt nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency pulses with delay periods in between them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002456 null ellipsometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000223 ellipsometry A method for determining structure where the sample is illuminated with light and the ellipsometric angles of the reflected light are measured from the configuration of the analyzer and the compensator for which no reflected light is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002457 Kelvin probe force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001898 non-contact mode atomic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The conducting tip forms a capacitor with the surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation, in order to map the change in work function of the surface. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002458 Kelvin probe method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001247 charge transport measurement method A measurement method for determining the contact potential difference or difference in work functions between the sample and a reference electrode. In this method, the probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes, resulting in a small ac current. The work function difference is measured by applying an opposing external bias voltage such that the ac current is zero. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002459 Kelvin force spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001123 force spectroscopy Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. A probe, which is made of a material with a known work function (commonly tungsten or platinum), is arranged close to the sample surface as a parallel-plate capacitor with a small spacing. The probe is vibrated, causing a change in the capacitance between the electrodes. A voltage is then applied between the probe and sample until the electric field between them vanishes. The force gradient is proportional to the change in amplitude of the vibration. The distance between the probe and sample is kept constant during the measurement using a feedback loop. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002460 Kelvin probe force micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002170 atomic force micrograph An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the difference in work function between the tip and sample as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002461 two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001020 two-dimensional electrophoresis A two-dimensional separation method where the separation processes are both capillary electrophoresis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002462 liquid chromatography-capillary electrophoresis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001017 two-dimensional separation method A two-dimensional separation method where the sample is first subjected to liquid chromatography followed by capillary electrophoresis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002463 positive electrospray ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001659 electrospray ionisation An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of positively charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002464 negative electrospray ionisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001659 electrospray ionisation An ionisation method where the sample is either forced through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of negatively charged droplets, or solvent droplets subjected to the same process are directed at the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002465 solvent precipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001688 precipitation The sedimentation of a solid material (a 'precipitate') from a liquid solution caused by the addition of an additional different solvent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002466 protein precipitation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001688 precipitation The sedimentation of a solid protein (a 'precipitate') from an aqueous solution caused by the addition of an organic solvent (e.g. methanol), a polyelectrolyte (e.g. alginate) or a salt (e.g. ammonium sulfate) in a process known as 'salting out'. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002467 analyte http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material The component of a system to be analysed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002469 column eluent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000995 mobile phase The liquid or gas entering a chromatographic column and used to effect a separation by elution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002470 bright-field transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons passes directly through an aperture before reaching the specimen. The image results from a weakening of the direct beam by its interaction with the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002471 dark-field transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV. under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002472 dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002471 dark-field transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002473 Knudsen cell http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus, consisting of a crucible (made of pyrolytic boron nitride, quartz, tungsten or graphite), heating filaments, a water cooling system, which is used to measure very low vapor pressures by measuring the mass of vapor which escapes when the vessel contains a liquid in equilibrium with its vapor. It is also used as a source evaporator during crystal growth e.g. during molecular-beam epitaxy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002474 magnetic tweezers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electromagnet containing a paramagnetic core material with a tip-shaped end, that is used to trap and manipulate magnetic particles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002475 magnetic trapping http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001768 trapping method The trapping of microscopic particles by a localised magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002476 wire electrical explosion method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002837 nanoparticle synthesis A synthesis method for metal nanopowders that consists of passing a pulse of a high-density current (10^4 to 10^6 A/mm^2) through a wire causing the explosive disintegration of the metal (accompanied by a bright flash of light, a shock wave, the dispersion of the metal, and the fast expansion of a mixture of boiling metal droplets and vapour to the surrounding medium) and the production of metal , particles with characteristic sizes of tens of μm to a few nm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002477 chromatograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor A piece of apparatus, consisting of a mobile phase supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column, detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002478 gas chromatograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002477 chromatograph A piece of apparatus, consisting of a gas supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column, detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002479 13C rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 13C nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002480 15N rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002481 31P rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002482 19F rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 19F nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002483 6Li–1H heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000608 heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 6Li and 1H nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002484 19F–1H heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000608 heteronuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy where a second frequency dimension is employed, based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between 19F and 1H nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (<=6 \AA apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002485 2H pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001118 pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 2H nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002486 19F pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001118 pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 19F nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002487 1H pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001118 pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 1H nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002488 7Li pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001118 pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 7Li nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002489 13C pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001118 pulsed field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy An NMR experiment in which pulsed field gradients are applied to a spin echo sequence to cleanly and precisely excite particular 13C nuclei resonances. Additionally, attenuation of signals occurs related to molecular diffusion allowing this technique to be used to determine self-diffusion coefficients. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002490 29Si rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 29Si nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002491 19F–29Si rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 19F and 29Si nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002492 89Y cross-polarisation magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000617 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning A type of NMR spectroscopy using a solid sample. Anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, cause significant line broadening in solid state NMR, but can be averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field). Cross polarisation is used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei such as 89Y nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002493 63Cu pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of a 63Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002494 65Cu pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of a 65Cu atom to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002495 fluorescence titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002576 emission titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of fluorescence emitted by the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002496 fluorescence titration curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002162 titration curve A plot of volume of titrant vs. fluorescence intensity obtained from a fluorescence titration experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002497 ultraviolet curing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001482 photochemical curing A chemical process in which a prepolymer is converted into a polymer and then into a network, upon irradiation with light in the range 190–400 nm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002498 spin-trap electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of an unstable free radical to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured by first forming a more stable radical adduct (e.g. a nitroxide radical) with a nitrone or nitroso compound (the 'spin trap'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002499 electrophoresis anode buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001462 buffer solution A buffer that serves as an anode in an electrophoresis experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002500 electrophoresis cathode buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001462 buffer solution A buffer that serves as a cathode in an electrophoresis experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002501 running buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001462 buffer solution A buffer that is used to separate proteins in a gel matrix. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002502 Tauc plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of ehv vs hv where e is the molar extinction coefficient, that is used to determine the optical gap (or 'Tauc gap') in amorphous thin film materials. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002503 diode array detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002244 detector A piece of apparatus, consisting of a two-dimensional pattern of diodes and a prism, that is used to detect organic compounds. As the sample passes through a cell or cuvette it is illuminated with light in the region 190–1100 nm and any light transmitted through the sample is dispersed by the prism, so that light of different wavelengths falls on different diodes. The output from the array is used to construct an absorption spectrum that can be compared with standard spectra for identification purposes. Alternatively, a single diode can be used to monitor a specific wavelength at which there is maxiμm absorption. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002504 bioelectrochemical analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000003 electrochemical analysis The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response for a biological system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002505 silicon-29 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001913 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in which the nuclei of interest are silicon-29 nuclei, line broadening has been averaged to zero by spinning the sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74° with respect to the direction of the magnetic field), and cross polarisation has been used to enhance the signal from weakly coupled nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002506 interrogating electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode An electrode whose response indicates the change of some analytical variable. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002508 isopycnic gradient ultracentrifugation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002016 ultracentrifugation A method where the components of a sample (e.g. plasma lipoproteins) are separated on the basis of their density in a centrifuge according to the centrifugal force they experience. A density gradient is established via equilibrium sedimentation (e.g. using caesium ions), and then analyte molecules concentrate as bands where the molecule density matches that of the surrounding solution. Samples are spun at speeds of up to 150,000 rpm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002509 flash photolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002445 pump-probe spectroscopy A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser or flash lamp. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002510 laser flash photolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002509 flash photolysis A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002511 nanosecond laser flash photolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002510 laser flash photolysis A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong nanosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002512 picosecond laser flash photolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002510 laser flash photolysis A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong picosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002513 femtosecond laser flash photolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002510 laser flash photolysis A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong femtosecond pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The absorption of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002514 diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002510 laser flash photolysis A technique in which a sample is first excited by a strong pulse (the 'pump' pulse) of light from a laser. This first pulse starts a chemical reaction or leads to an increased population of energy levels other than the ground state within the sample. The diffuse reflectance of light by the sample is recorded within a short time intervals (by a 'test' or 'probe' pulse) to monitor relaxation or reaction processes initiated by the pump pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002515 laser Raman spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000656 Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002516 near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002312 X-ray microscopy An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are directed at the specimen, and the difference in the X-ray absorption coefficient measured within 40 eV of the absorption edge by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002517 resonant soft X-ray reflectometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000219 X-ray reflectometry A method for determining structure by directing a beam of X-rays at a surface (e.g. a thin film) and measuring the complex index of refraction as a function of incident X-ray energy, near the absorption edge. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002518 scanning X-ray microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002312 X-ray microscopy An imaging technique where soft X-rays (100–1000 eV) are scanned across a specimen, and the difference in absorption of the X-rays by different elements (mainly O and C) produces an image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002519 two-photon laser scanning microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000090 multi-photon laser scanning microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce multi-photon fluorescence (i.e. the fluorophore simultaneously absorbs two photons, each one half of the energy required for single-photon excitation). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002520 single-photon laser scanning microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000088 fluorescence laser scanning microscopy Microscopy where the specimen can be made to fluoresce (emit energy as visible light) by scanning a solid-state (Ti sapphire) laser spot of specific wavelength over its surface to produce single-photon fluorescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002521 atomic absorption spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001234 spectrometer A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source that emits light at element-specific wavelengths, a sample aspirator, a flame or furnace apparatus for volatilising the sample, and a photon detector, that is used to measure the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample. Atoms in the sample of a specific wavelength will absorb light produced by the lamp before it reaches the detector, and the amount of light absorbed depends on the quantity of the element present in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002522 excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000287 fluorescence spectroscopy A type of fluorescence spectroscopy where a two-dimensional total fluorescence spectrum is recorded at various excitation wavelengths. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002523 vapour-phase extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction The process of transferring a substance from a vapour to a solid phase by passing the vapour sample through a stationary phase (e.g. silica particles) and then desorbing it using a desorbent or carrier gas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002524 dual-phase extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction An extraction method for soil samples that uses a high-vacuum system to remove liquid and gas from low-permeability or heterogeneous soil. By removing water from the sample (liquid-phase extraction) the water table is lowered exposing the solid sample to vapor-phase extraction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002525 excitation–emission fluorescence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000834 excitation-emission spectrum A 3D plot of excitation wavelength vs. emission wavelength vs. intensity obtained from a fluorescence spectroscopy experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002526 transmitted polarising light microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000111 polarising light microscopy Microscopy where the specimen placed between two orthogonal polarising filters and illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002527 polarising microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000947 optical microscope A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, orthogonal polarising filters and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002528 transmitting polarising microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002527 polarising microscope A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, object turret, stage, orthogonal polarising filters and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. The specimen is illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002529 bright-field microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000947 optical microscope A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eyepiece, an objective lens, a condenser lens, stage, and light source, which collects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. The specimen is illuminated with visible light transmitted from a source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002530 spray coating http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001470 coating method The application of a thin cover to sample by converting the coating solution to an aerosol then allowing the droplets to settle on the sample surface under the influence of gravity or using an electrostatic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002531 constant-rate dip coating http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001471 dip coating The application of a thin cover to sample by immersing it (at constant velocity) in a tank containing coating material, allowing it to remain there for a certain 'dwell time', and removing the piece from the tank ('withdrawal') at a constant velocity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002532 Everhart–Thornley detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002244 detector A detector used in scanning electron microscopy experiments to detect secondary electrons. The detector consists of a scintillator inside a Faraday cage inside the specimen chamber of the microscope. A low positive voltage is applied to the Faraday cage to attract the relatively low-energy (<50 eV) secondary electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002533 gel filtration chromatogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002387 chromatogram A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment where the separation is caused by differences in molecular size. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002534 second harmonic generation circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000323 circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by a sample. Laser light of frequency \nu is converted to light of frequency 2\nu by a non-linear interaction with the sample, and the polarisation of this light (the 'second harmonic') is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002535 Karl–Fischer titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002536 volumetric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured volumes of a titrant (normally via a burette) until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002537 coulometric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. In a coulometric titration the titrant is generated electrochemically by passing a constant current through an electrolyte. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002538 parallel ICP-MS and EI-MS detection after GC separation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000872 gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before part of the sample is ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. Another part of the sample is simultaneously ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002539 low-temperature gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000872 gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by low-temperature gas chromatography (-78°C) before being ionised in a plasma (a partially ionised gas–-such as Ar–-containing free electrons) which has been generated by electromagnetic induction, and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002540 programmed temperature vaporisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A sample preparation method for gas chromatography in which the sample is deposited into the inlet of the chromatograph at a low temperature, then the inlet temperature is rapidly raised to vaporise the desired components and cause their transfer onto the column. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002541 high-resolution electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000736 electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample is ionised by forcing a solution (usually in an organic solvent) of the sample through a small heated capillary (at a flow rate of 1–10 L min-1) into an electric field to produce a very fine mist of charged droplets, and where sample ions with different masses are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion and the 'exact' mass of the molecular ions in the sample is determined as opposed to the 'nominal' mass (the number of protons and neutrons). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002542 gas chromatography electron ionisation mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000497 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by gas chromatography before being ionised by electrons (energy 70 eV) which have been emitted from a glowing filament and accelerated through an electric field. The ions are then characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002543 incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000598 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A 2D NMR technique which correlates (commonly one-bond) J-coupled homonuclei. In one dimension, the signals appear at the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and in the other dimension, at a position which is the sum of the frequencies of that nucleus and its J-coupled partner. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002544 13C incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002543 incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment A 2D NMR technique which correlates (commonly one-bond) J-coupled 13C nuclei. In one dimension, the signals appear at the chemical shift of a particular nucleus and in the other dimension, at a position which is the sum of the frequencies of that nucleus and its J-coupled partner. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002545 statistical total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000605 total correlation spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. This technique exploits the correlations seen between the intensities of spectral features of multiple spectra so as to obtain a statistically derived spectrum. This technique is of particular value for metabolic profiling. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002546 Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A plot of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency vs. intensity composed of a series of peaks (separated by the reciprocal of a user-defined time delay in a CPMG pulse sequence) which describe the envelope of the full, static spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002547 J-spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000932 two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A two-dimensional NMR spectrum where signals are defined in terms of two frequencies; by the chemical shift of a particular nucleus in one dimension and, in the other, by the J-multiplets of correlated nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002548 polymer preparation method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002549 miniemulsion polymerisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002550 emulsion polymerisation A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) 50–500 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and are stablised against Ostwald ripening using a costabiliser such as hexadecane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002550 emulsion polymerisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002548 polymer preparation method A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002551 microemulsion polymerisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002549 miniemulsion polymerisation A polymer preparation technique in which monomer (usually acrylic) <100 nm droplets are dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase and are kept colloidally stable through the use of a surfactant and a cosurfactant e.g. hexanol. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002552 pulsed laser polymerisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002548 polymer preparation method A polymerisation which is initiated by laser pulses at a constant repetition rate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002553 scanning photocurrent microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000112 scanning probe microscopy Microscopy where a laser is scanned over the surface of the specimen and the photocurrent is recorded as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002554 reverse micelle polymerisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002548 polymer preparation method A polymerisation process where the hydrophilic monomer is solubilised inside surfactant reverse micelle structures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002555 triple-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of NMR experiment in which excitation of the spin states of three different types of nuclei (usually 1H, 13C and 15N) is employed. The name of the experiment describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002556 HNCO http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002555 triple-resonance spectroscopy A triple resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon of the preceding residue. The name of the method describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002557 HNCA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002555 triple-resonance spectroscopy A triple-resonance NMR experiment used in to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha carbons of the same and preceding residues. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002558 HNCOCA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002555 triple-resonance spectroscopy A triple resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the \alpha-carbon of the preceding residue. The name of the method describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002559 three-dimensional nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy-heteronuclear single quantum coherence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001072 heteronuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6\\A) and with the shifts of the heteronuclei bound to these proximate protons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002560 HCC(CO)NNH http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002555 triple-resonance spectroscopy A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with both the alpha- and beta-carbons and protons of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002561 heteronuclear single quantum coherence-nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001072 heteronuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A 3D NMR experiment in which the chemical shifts of protons are correlated with the chemical shifts their covalently-bound heteronuclei and with the shifts of spatially proximate protons (<6\\A). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002562 nuclear Overhauser effect difference spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000724 one-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A 1D NMR experiment in which a 1D spectrum is subtracted from a spectrum acquired under steady-state NOE conditions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002563 HN(CO)CAHA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002555 triple-resonance spectroscopy A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the preceding residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002564 HCANNH http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002555 triple-resonance spectroscopy A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and with the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002565 HNCAHA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002555 triple-resonance spectroscopy A triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shift of the (backbone) amide proton is correlated with the chemical shift of the covalently bound nitrogen and the alpha-carbon and proton of the same residue. The experiment name describes the path taken by the magnetisation during the experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002566 four-dimensional HCCH-total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002555 triple-resonance spectroscopy A 4D triple-resonance NMR experiment used to determine the chemical shifts of nuclei in a (isotopically enriched) protein. The chemical shifts of the protons of a sidechain are correlated with their covalently bound 13C nuclei and with the other protons of the side-chain. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002567 gradient 13C–13C 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002055 four-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their bonded 13C nuclei and with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate carbon-bound protons (<6\\A) and their associated 13C nuclei. Pulsed field gradients are employed to improve the appearance of the spectrum. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002568 13C–13C edited 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002055 four-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their bonded 13C nuclei and with the chemical shifts of spatially proximate carbon-bound protons (<6\\A) and their associated 13C nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002569 13C–15N edited 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002055 four-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A 4D NMR experiment which correlates the chemical shifts of carbon-bound protons with those of their associated 13C nuclei and with the chemical shift of spatially proximate amide protons (<6\\A) and the 15N nuclei to which these are bound. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002570 Sievert's apparatus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus, consisting of a gas manifold with a series of tubes and valves connecting the sample chamber to one or more pressure reservoirs of known volume, used for measuring the thermodynamics of hydrogen sorption onto metal samples. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002571 gel filtration chromatograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002477 chromatograph A piece of apparatus, consisting of an eluent supply system, an injection or sampling system, a column containing a swollen gel, a detector and a data acquisition/ processing system, that is used to carry out chromatographic separations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002572 Schlenk tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus used as a reaction vessel in air-sensitive chemistry. It is made of glass and has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002573 size-exclusion chromatogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002387 chromatogram A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a chromatography experiment where the separation is caused by exclusion effects within the stationary phase and where the stationary phase is a swollen gel. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002574 polarising light micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001825 optical micrograph An image obtained by placing the specimen between two orthogonal polarising filters, illuminating it with visible light, and using a system of magnifying lenses. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002575 sodium acetate buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001748 acetate buffer A buffer solution in which the pH is maintained by an acetic acid–sodium acetate equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002576 emission titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the intensity/wavelength of radiation emitted by the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002577 circular dichroism titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002409 absorption titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by adding measured increments of a titrant until the end-point, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002578 electrospray ionisation source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000960 ion source An ion source that consists of a syringe pump, a needle, a power source and a counter electrode (or 'cone') that is used to ionise samples for mass spectrometry. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002579 autosampler http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus, consisting of a rotating circular tray containing a number of sealed vials, that is used for the automatic injection of samples during a mass spectrometry experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002580 colorimetric test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay A test which produces colour change in the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002581 Fmoc test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002580 colorimetric test A colorimetric test which consists of coupling an Fmoc (9H-fluoren-9-yl-methoxycarbonyl )-protected amino acid and measuring the UV absorbance of the sample after deprotection using 20% piperidine in DMF. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002582 flash chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001001 column chromatography A type of column chromatography where 0.1-10 g of sample mixture is separated in less than 15 min by using pressurised gas to drive the mobile phase through the column. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002583 nitrogen sorption-desorption measurements http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001167 sorption-desorption measurement A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an N2 which adsorbs onto the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'), and the subsequent amount that desorbs at a constant temperature. Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002584 ultraviolet detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002244 detector A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a phototelectric cell, a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different wavelengths of light, which is used to detect the absorbance of ultraviolet (190–400 nm) light by molecules in a sample separated by chromatography. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002585 refractive index detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002244 detector A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a hollow prism and a photoelectric cell that is used to detect non-ultraviolet-absorbing molecules in a sample separated by chromatography. Light from the sample passes through a flow cell with two channels towards the photoelectric cell. One channel holds the eluent from the column, whereas the other holds a control sample (solvent that has not passed through the column). Detection occurs when the light is bent due to molecules eluting from the column, and this is read as a disparity between the two channels. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002586 melt extrusion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001613 extrusion A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a molten polymer through a die. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002587 colloidal crystal templating http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002213 polymer synthesis method A synthesis method in which polymer spheres are assembled into a colloidal crystal on a substrate by evaporation induced self-assembly. The free spaces between the spheres are subsequently infiltrated with a metal by electrodeposition, and the colloidal particles are selectively removed by dissolution in a solvent (e.g. toluene) leaving behind a periodic arrangement of spherical voids embedded in a solid macroporous matrix. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002588 saturated mercury sulfate electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002345 reference electrode A reference electrode where the electrochemical reaction is between mercury metal and mercury(II) sulfate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002589 cryogenic scanning electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002413 cryogenic electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across the specimen, which is cooled in liquid ethane to 180 °C, under vacuum and the interaction of the electrons with the specimen is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002590 visible spectrophotometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000292 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the visible region (380–800 nm) resulting in electronic transitions within the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002591 scanning mobility particle sizer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that measures the size distribution of particles in an aerosol by neutralising the particles, passing them through a differential mobility analyser in order to control the size of the particles and then counting the particles of that size with a condensation particle counter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002592 carbon electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002344 electrode An electrode that consists of a sample of granular carbon material that has been bound with pitch and has been fired at high temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002593 graphite electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002592 carbon electrode A carbon electrode that has been fired at a temperature around 2800 K, resulting in a largely graphitic composition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002594 bulb-to-bulb distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001543 short-path distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture under reduced pressure. As a small quantity of the sample mixture is heated using several glass bulbs connected in line, its vapours rise a short distance into a vertical condenser where they are cooled by dry ice in acetone (-78°C). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002595 cacodylate buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001462 buffer solution A buffer solution in which the pH (6.4–7.4) is maintained by an cacodylic acid–cacodylate equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002596 sodium cacodylate buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002595 cacodylate buffer A buffer solution in which the pH (6.4–7.4) is maintained by an cacodylic acid– sodium cacodylate [Na(CH3)2 AsO2] equilibrium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002597 negative-staining transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen, that has been stained with heavy metals salts (e.g. uranyl acetate), is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002598 glow discharge synthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002599 double-cathode glow discharge synthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002598 glow discharge synthesis A synthesis method where an electrical discharge is passed under reduced pressure between two cathodes. One cathode is the source (or target) composed of the elements required to prepare the sample via sputtering, and the other cathode is the substrate material. When two different (negative) voltages are applied to the two cathodes, glow discharge occurs, causing a build up of the sample on the substrate cathode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002600 amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001896 dynamic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between oscillation amplitude or phase of the tip and the surface during scanning, which is performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002601 confocal laser scanning micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001956 confocal micrograph An image obtained by scanning a gas (Ar or Kr) laser spot of specific wavelength over the specimen and collecting the light emitted by chromophores in the specimen (fluorescence) using a system of magnifying lenses. The fluorescence passes through a pinhole before it reaches the lenses, allowing only light from the focal point to pass to the detector, reducing background interference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002602 photocurrent spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002603 intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002602 photocurrent spectroscopy Spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a current (the 'photocurrent') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002604 photovoltage spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000228 spectroscopy Spectroscopy where light energy absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002605 intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002604 photovoltage spectroscopy Spectroscopy where light energy (from a fluctuating light source) absorbed by the sample results in the production of a potential difference (the 'photovoltage') which is measured at different spectral intervals as a function of the modulation frequency of the light source. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002606 suspension polymerisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002548 polymer preparation method Any experimental method used to prepare polymer samples where the monomer is suspended as liquid droplets in a continuous water phase by means of strong agitation and the presence of a suspending agent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002607 micromanipulator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002608 piezo-driven micromanipulator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002607 micromanipulator A piece of apparatus which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope, and is driven by the application of an alternating current to a piezoelectric material. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002609 graphitisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing The conversion of an organic material in an inert atmosphere at temperatures in excess of 1800 °C to produce a graphite crystal structure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002610 transmission electron microscope grid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A thin film of micrometre thickness which is used as a support for specimens during transmission electron microscopy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002611 field-emission transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam produced by thermionic emission heating (field emission) and with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002612 fluorescence-detected circular dichrosim spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000808 circular dichroism spectrum A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised luminescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002613 aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000080 transmission electron microscopy Microscopy where a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, described by the spherical aberration coefficient 'Cs', which results in a blurred image). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002614 weak-beam dark-field electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000068 electron microscopy Microscopy where the specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum. The interaction of the electrons with the specimen produces transmitted, secondary, backscattered and diffracted electrons and characteristic X-rays which are detected. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002615 weak-beam dark-field transmission electron microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002614 weak-beam dark-field electron microscopy Microscopy where an electron-transparent specimen is bombarded with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage 50–150 kV under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002616 weak-beam dark-field transmission electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001802 transmission electron micrograph An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. A diffracted beam harmonic (a 'weak beam') is used rather than the diffracted beam itself, allowing μch higher resolution to be obtained. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002617 X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000200 X-ray scattering A method for determining the size distribution of a sample of small particles in solution by bombarding the sample with coherent X-rays and measuring the time-dependent fluctuations in the intensity of the scattered X-rays caused by Brownian motion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002618 aberration-corrected transmission electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001802 transmission electron micrograph An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The electron beam is focused using a set of magnetic lenses which removes spherical aberration (an effect where the electron beam is deflected too strongly, described by the spherical aberration coefficient 'Cs', which results in a blurred image). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002619 high-angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002282 scanning transmission electron micrograph An image obtained by scanning the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the transmitted electrons. The beam of electrons is scattered or diffracted at high angles before reaching the specimen, and the image results from a weakening of the beam by its interaction with the sample. An annular aperture is used to select electrons that have passed through given symmetric zones within the objective lens of the microscope. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002620 high-resolution scanning electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001801 scanning electron micrograph An image obtained by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam across the specimen under vacuum. The specimen is tilted such that a low-order zone axis is closely parallel to the incident beam, and columns of atoms are viewed end-on by the beam. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002622 diffuse reflectance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000937 reflectance spectrum A plot of reflectance (%) vs. wavenumber obtained by measuring the amount of radiation reflected from an uneven surface at a number of angles by the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002623 X-band electron spin resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000330 pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to short (ns) pulses of microwave radiation in a magnetic field is measured. The microwave radiation used has an approximate frequency of 9 GHz, known as the 'X-band'. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002624 X-band electron spin resonance spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000836 electron spin resonance spectrum A plot of intensity vs. magnetic field strength obtained by measuring the absorption of radiation due to spin-state transitions of unpaired electrons against a perturbing magnetic field, in the presence of fixed-frequency microwave radiation of approximate frequency 9 GHz (known as the 'X-band'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002625 particle-beam/hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002626 hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. A nebuliser is used to generate a finely dispersed aerosol containing the sample, which is desolvated, and a momentum separator is used to inject dry particles of the analyte (the 'particle beam') into the plasma source (which consists of a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002626 hollow-cathode atomic emission spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000256 glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a glow discharge (a potential difference applied across two electrodes immersed in the sample gas) is used to excite the sample. The plasma source contains a hollow cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002627 infrared–visible sum-frequency generation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001288 sum-frequency generation spectroscopy A method for generating surface-specific vibrational spectra by mixing two light beams (visible and IR) at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002628 sum-frequency generation spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000829 vibrational spectrum A plot of sum-frequency intensity vs. wavelength (or wavenumber) obtained by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002629 Brust method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002837 nanoparticle synthesis A method for synthesising gold nanoparticles from HAuCl4 in non-aqueous solution (e.g. toluene) using tetraoctylammonium bromide as a phase-transfer catalyst and sodium borohydride to reduce Au(III) to Au(0). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002630 anomalous wide-angle X-ray scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000207 wide-angle X-ray scattering A method for determining structure by measuring the change in direction or energy of X-rays scattered by a sample at wide angles (>10°). The wavelength of the X-rays used is scanned over an absorption edge which changes the scattering in a known way (the 'anomalous dispersion effect'). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002631 rotating-disk voltammetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000024 voltammetry An electrochemical technique where the cell current is measured as a function of time and as a function of the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes. The indicator electrode (e.g. a Pt disc of 1.0 mm diameter sealed in a Teflon carrier ) spins at high speed during the experiment, and the rotational motion sets up a well-defined flow of analyte towards its surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002632 rotating-disk electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002346 indicator electrode A type of working electrode which usually consists of a Pt disc (diameter 1.0 mm) sealed in a Teflon carrier which rotates a high speed during the experiment. Rotating-disk electrodes are used to investigate reaction mechanisms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002633 hydrodynamic voltammogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000922 voltammogram A plot of cell current vs. the potential between the indicator and reference electrodes obtained from a voltammetry experiment during which convective mass transfer (the movement of material by the action of a fluid) occurs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002634 azeotropic distillation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001532 distillation A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. An azeotrope (a mixture of two or more liquids which produces vapor with the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture) cannot be separated by normal distillation, therefore an additional third component (known as an 'entrainer') is added to the mixture. This has the effect of changing the volatility of one of liquids in the azeotrope to a greater extent than the other, allowing separation to occur. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002635 magnetometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002636 superconducting quantum interference device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002635 magnetometer A piece of apparatus, consisting of superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions, which is used to measure the strength and/or direction of an extremely weak magnetic field (10-18 T). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002637 surface-initiated polymerisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002548 polymer preparation method An experimental method used to prepare polymer samples (e.g. polymer brushes) using a surface-imobilised monomer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002638 electrostatic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001898 non-contact mode atomic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A bias voltage is applied between the tip and sample, forming a capacitor with the sample surface, over which it is scanned laterally at a constant separation. The electrostatic force (measured as the change in resonant frequency of the cantilever) is probed as a function of position by changing the applied voltage. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002639 micro-Raman spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000823 Raman spectrum A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a micrometre-sized area of a sample, located using an optical microscope. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002640 thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000872 gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first adsorbed onto packed tubes (e.g. Tenax) then moved into a desorption oven and heated (100–280 °C for 5–20 min) to promote thermal desorption of the mixture into the headspace of the tube. The headspace is sampled and used for gas chromatography and the eluent is then ionised and characterised according to mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002641 electrostatic force microscopy image http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002171 phase atomic force micrograph An image obtained by using a conducting sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the drop in amplitude of the oscillating cantilever caused by the electrostatic force it experiences while the tip is biased with a voltage of a few volts, as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002642 dilatometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay The measurement and study of dimensional changes in polymers as a function of temperature, fluid absorption, mechanical stress or chemical reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002643 Ragone plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of specific energy of an electrochemical cell vs. its specific power. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002644 dispersion polymerisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002548 polymer preparation method A polymer preparation technique in which an insoluble polymer is dispersed in a continuous organic phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002645 distillation precipitation copolymerisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002548 polymer preparation method A polymer preparation technique in which two different types of monomer are dissolved in an organic solvent and distilled until a precipitate of the corresponding copolymer is formed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002646 Walden plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A log–log plot of molar conductivity vs. viscosity which indicates the degree of ionicity of an ionic liquid. Plots are compared to the 'ideal' case of 0.01M KCl which exists as dissociated ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002647 X-ray spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001234 spectrometer A piece of apparatus used to measure the absorption or emission of X-rays. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002648 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002647 X-ray spectrometer A piece of apparatus, consisting of an X-ray source, an analyser and a detector, which is used to measure the photoelectron emission of samples bombarded with X-rays. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002649 scanning transmission electron microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001099 transmission electron microscope A transmission electron microscope where the electron beam is scanned across an electron-transparent specimen under vacuum and the intensities of the transmitted electrons are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002650 positive ion matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000520 matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry where the sample (usually a large organic molecule or biomolecule) is vaporised and ionised using a high-energy pulsed laser. The sample is held in a matrix (such as crystallised dihydrobenzoic acid) to protect it from direct laser illumination and to separate the sample molecules. The positive sample ions are accelerated to the same (known) kinetic energy and the time taken for each ion to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time is dependent on the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002651 thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000690 thermogravimetry The measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and a reference material during the measurement of the mass of the sample as a function of temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002652 chemical vapour transport http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002224 crystal growth method A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high purity metal and chalcogen) are placed in a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002653 surface-assisted chemical vapour transport http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002652 chemical vapour transport A crystal growth method for metal dichalcogenides in which the starting materials (high-purity metal and chalcogen powders) are placed in one half of a quartz ampoule together with a transport agent (e.g. iodine) and heated in a furnace under a temperature gradient. The product crystals are grown on the surface of a sheet of high-purity metal in the other half of the ampoule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002654 bright-field transmission electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001802 transmission electron micrograph An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the directly transmitted electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002655 dark-field transmission electron micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001802 transmission electron micrograph An image obtained by bombarding the specimen with a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam under vacuum and measuring the intensities of the scattered transmitted electrons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002656 environmental scanning electron microscope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000941 scanning electron microscope A piece of apparatus which is used to produce an enlarged image of a specimen by scanning a finely focused (<10 nm diameter) electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 50–150 kV across the specimen in a gaseous environment and measuring interaction of the electrons with the specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002657 ion trap mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000982 mass spectrometer A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The detector is an ion trap mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit by an electric field. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002658 linear quadrupole ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000965 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer A piece of apparatus that consists of an ion source, a mass-to-charge analyser, a detector and a vacuum system and is used to measure mass spectra. The analyser consists of a linear quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four parallel electrodes, and an ion cyclotron resonance cell (a piece of apparatus that measures the frequency at which ions precesses in a fixed magnetic field and subjects the frequency output to a Fourier transform). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002659 linear quadrupole mass spectrometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000963 quadrupole mass spectrometer A mass spectrometer that uses an orthogonal-acceleration ion source. The detector is a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser, which holds the ions in a stable orbit using an electric field generated by four linear parallel electrodes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002660 chemical force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000113 atomic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a chemically functionalised sharp spike (e.g. with thiols) mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the chemical interactions between the tip and surface (e.g. gold) as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002661 atomic force infrared microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000050 infrared microscopy The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved IR spectra by measuring the IR absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002662 scattering near-field optical microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000120 scanning near-field optical microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of a laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002663 infrared scattering near-field optical microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002662 scattering near-field optical microscopy Microscopy where a probe consisting of an infrared laser transmitted through a tapered optical fibre is positioned very close to (<10 nm from) the surface of the specimen and focused to a diffraction-limited spot size. A vibrating metallic AFM cantilever tip periodically and locally modifies the electromagnetic field distribution of the excitation laser. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the scattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002664 backscattering near-field optical microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002662 scattering near-field optical microscopy Microscopy where a laser is focused to a diffraction-limited spot size onto an oscillating AFM tip close to the surface of the specimen. An image is produced by scanning the probe over the specimen and detecting the backscattered light from the tip as a function of position. A force feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the probe and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002665 photothermal infrared microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000050 infrared microscopy The measurement of the photothermal response (temperature fluctuations) of a specimen exposed to the beam of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, using an atomic force microscope tip as the thermal probe. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002666 standard atomic force infrared microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002661 atomic force infrared microscopy The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. The specimen is deposited on an ATR-compatible ZnSe prism and infrared light is introduced into the prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002667 surface atomic force infrared microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002661 atomic force infrared microscopy The simultaneous collection of AFM topography data and spatially-resolved infrared spectra by measuring the infrared absorption via transient deformation of the AFM cantilever induced by an infrared pulsed laser (tuned to a wavelength that corresponds to a vibrational absorbing wavelength in the specimen) as a function of AFM tip position. Mid-IR radiation, generated using a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal emitting tuneable laser is focussed directly on the specimen surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002668 atomic force microscopy infrared image http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001893 infrared map A data set derived from AFMIR consisting of a three-dimensional image where two axes describe the x and y spatial dimensions and the third dimension represents the infrared wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002669 contact mode atomic force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000113 atomic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the deflection of the tip, which is in contact with the specimen surface, as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002670 scanning spreading resistance microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002669 contact mode atomic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a sharp conductive spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen. A two-dimensional map of the carrier concentration profile (resistance) of the semiconducting specimen is obtained by applying a DC bias between the probe and specimen and mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan line-by-line, and recording the current as a function of position. A feedback loop is used to maintain a fixed relationship between the tip and surface during scanning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002671 inverse gas chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001002 gas chromatography A surface characterisation technique in which a pulse or constant concentration of a known gas or vapour (probe molecule) is injected into a column packed with the solid sample at a fixed carrier gas flow rate. The retention time of the probe molecule is then measured using a traditional gas chromatography detector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002672 desorption measurements http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001167 sorption-desorption measurement A method for determining surface area by measuring the amount of an inert gasesous or liquid substance (the 'sorbent', usually H2 or N2) which desorbs from the surface of interest (the 'sorbate'). Regression analysis is then applied to the data, resulting in an isotherm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002673 thermal desorption spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002672 desorption measurements A method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. The sample is heated slowly in a vacuum and residual gas in the vacuum is detected as a change in pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002674 thermal desorption spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001992 adsorption-desorption isotherm A plot of intensity or rate vs. temperature obtained by heating the sample slowly in a vacuum and measuring the change in pressure as molecules desorb from the surface of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002675 electronic sum-frequency generation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001288 sum-frequency generation spectroscopy A method for generating surface-specific electronic spectra by mixing two light beams at a surface and detecting the output beam, which has frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002676 alternating current force spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001123 force spectroscopy Spectroscopy where an atomic force microscope is used to measure the force experienced by a sample. The method involves the application of a small sinusoidal oscillating force to the tip via a magnetic field created by a conducting coil which interacts with a magnetic particle glued on the backside of the cantilever and measuring the change in amplitude during the approach and retraction of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002677 coulometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor Any piece of apparatus used to measure electric charge. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002678 Karl-Fischer coulometric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002535 Karl–Fischer titration The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the I2 is generated electrochemically from I- and titrated with sulphur dioxide. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002679 Karl–Fischer coulometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002680 electrochemical coulometer A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electrolytic cell with an anodic compartment containing sulfur dioxide (SO2), iodide (I�) and a cathodic compartment containing the sample, which is used to determine trace amounts of water in a sample by measuring the time and current flow required to reach the titration end-point. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002680 electrochemical coulometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002677 coulometer A piece of apparatus, consisting of an electrolytic cell, that is used to determine electric charge by measuring the amount of an element deposited or released at the cathode during a specified time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002681 Karl–Fischer volumetric titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002535 Karl–Fischer titration The process of determining trace amounts of water in a sample by the titration of sulphur dioxide in water using iodine. In this method the titrant is added directly to the sample using a burette. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002682 ellipsometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor A piece of apparatus, consisting of a laser, a polariser, a compensator (which elliptically polarises the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarisation of light reflected by a sample. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002683 spectroscopic ellipsometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002682 ellipsometer A piece of apparatus, consisting of a light source, a polariser, a compensator (which elliptically polarises the light) and a detector, which is used to measure the intensity and change in polarisation of light reflected by a sample as a function of wavelength. This information in turn can be used to determine refractive index and thin film thickness. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002684 dynamic force micrograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002170 atomic force micrograph An image obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. The tip oscillates, intermittently touching or tapping the surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002685 atomic force microscopy height profile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of vertical displacement vs. distance obtained by using a sharp spike (known as a 'tip') mounted on the end of a cantilever to scan the surface of the specimen, line by line, and recording the force experienced by the tip as a function of position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002686 photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample is illuminated with a fixed-energy light source resulting in the detachment of electrons, the energies of which are measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002687 attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000937 reflectance spectrum A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption or emission of a sample that has been excited by an infrared-frequency pulse. The infrared light is introduced into a prism at an angle exceeding the critical angle for internal reflection. This produces an evanescent wave at the reflecting surface (a surface which is transparent to infrared such as thallium bromide) on which the sample is supported. The distortion of the evanescent wave by the sample is measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002688 gas chromatogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002387 chromatogram A plot of detector signal (e.g. ion count or absorbance) vs. retention time obtained from a column chromatography experiment where the mobile phase is a gas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002689 Nyquist plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000817 impedance spectrum A plot of complex impedance vs. frequency that reflects the change in impedance (the resistance of alternating current) of an electrochemical cell. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002690 synchrotron circular dichroism spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000323 circular dichroism spectroscopy Spectroscopy based on the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised synchrotron radiation (radiation produced by the movement of charged particles in a magnetic field). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002691 synchrotron circular dichroism spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000808 circular dichroism spectrum A plot of ellipticity vs. wavelength obtained by measuring the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised synchrotron radiation as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002692 two-photon emission spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000865 photoluminescence spectrum A photoluminescence spectrum where the excitation process involves two-photon absorption. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002693 two-photon excited fluorescence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002692 two-photon emission spectrum A fluorescence spectrum where the excitation process involves two-photon absorption. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002694 fluorescence image http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001103 recorded image A 2D image obtained by measuring fluorescence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002695 two-photon fluorescence image http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002694 fluorescence image A fluorescence image obtained through a two-photon excitation process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002696 photoelectron spectroscopy of adsorbed xenon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000387 photoelectron spectroscopy Spectroscopy where Xe atoms adsorbed on the surface of a sample are illuminated with photons causing ionisation and the emission of photoelectrons which are detected. The binding energy of the core or valence levels of Xe weakly bound to the surface, relative to the Fermi level of the substrate, depends on the local work function of its adsorption site. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002697 chiral supercritical-fluid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002698 chiral chromatography A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction (the 'mobile phase'). In this method the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002698 chiral chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography A separation method where the components (in this case stereoisomers) are distributed between two chiral phases, one of which is stationary, while the other moves in a definite direction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002699 1H–13C heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000935 heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 1H and 13C nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002700 1H–15N heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000935 heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectrum A heteronuclear NMR spectrum where a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between 1H and 15N nuclei which are 2–3 bonds removed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002701 Fourier transform far-infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000632 far-infrared spectroscopy Far-infrared spectroscopy where the spectrum obtained is subject to a Fourier transform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002702 Fourier transform far-infrared spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000824 rotational spectrum A plot of absorbance or emission vs. wavelength/wavenumber/frequency obtained through a Fourier transform of the times series of the absorption of a sample that has been excited by an far-infrared-frequency pulse. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002703 fluorescence speckle microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000087 fluorescence microscopy Microscopy where a very low concentration of fluorescent subunits in a polymer or peptide reveals the assembly dynamics, movement and turnover of assemblies throughout the image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002704 force spectroscopy mapping http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000049 chemical imaging The measurement of spatially resolved force–distance curves using an atomic force microscope to produce a chemical profile image. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002705 Bonnemann method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002837 nanoparticle synthesis A method for producing metal nanoparticles by the reduction of metal salts with tetraalkylammonium hydrotriorganoborates. The resulting colloids are highly active hydrogenation catalysts. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002706 liquid-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000591 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy in the liquid phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002707 gas-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000591 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopy in the gas phase where the energy states of spin-active nuclei placed in a static magnetic field are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002708 liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000613 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002709 liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000716 high-performance liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass spectrometry A method where a sample mixture is first separated by liquid chromatography before the energy states of spin-active nuclei in the sample, placed in a static magnetic field, are interrogated by inducing transitions between the states via radio frequency irradiation. The sample is then converted into ions which are characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002710 two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000630 infrared absorption spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the sample absorbs radiation from the infrared region (0.78–1000 \μm) over two frequency axes. Cross peaks in the spectrum encode the couplings and orientation between vibrations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002711 13C–15N rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 13C and 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002712 scanning vibrating electrode technique http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000003 electrochemical analysis A technique that operates by mechanically vibrating a probe at a fixed amplitude, frequency and height over an electrochemically active sample in solution measuring and mapping the electric field generated by the sample. This technique is used to probe the nature of corrosion processes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002713 magnetic resonance force microscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000115 magnetic force microscopy Microscopy which uses a cantilever tipped with a ferromagnetic (iron cobalt) particle to directly detect a modulated spin gradient force between sample spins and the tip to scan the surface of a magnetic specimen. As the ferromagnetic tip moves close to the sample, the nuclear spins become attracted to it and generate a small force on the cantilever. The spins are then repeatedly flipped, causing the cantilever to gently sway back and forth in a synchronous motion. That displacement is measured with an interferometer to create a series of 2D images of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002714 steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000287 fluorescence spectroscopy Spectroscopy where the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by molecules excited by constant illumination of ultraviolet light is detected as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002715 31P–13C rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 13C nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002716 31P–15N rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 15N nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002717 31P–19F rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000896 rotational-echo double-resonance spectroscopy A magic angle spinning NMR experiment in which the evolution of dipolar couplings between 31P and 19F nuclei is controlled by applying pulses at appropriate points in the rotational period, allowing the determination of the size of the coupling and, thus, yielding distance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002718 size-exclusion chromatography-flame atomic absorption spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000271 liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy A method where the sample mixture is first separated by size-exclusion chromatography and then aspirated, aerosolised, and mixed with combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is then ignited and atomised in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100–2800 \degC. During combustion, atoms of the element of interest in the sample absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002719 quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000504 quadrupole mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry that uses a system with a quadrupole mass-to-charge analyser connected to a time-of-flight mass-to-charge analyser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002720 microwave induced plasma atomic emission detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001711 atomic emission detection A detection method that is sensitive to individual elements. The sample is both atomised and excited by a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). The characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002721 gas chromatography-microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002720 microwave induced plasma atomic emission detection A gas chromatography method that is sensitive to individual elements. The eluent is both atomised and excited by a microwave-induced plasma (a partially ionised gas containing free electrons and radicals). The characteristic radiation emitted by the atoms in the sample is then detected using a photodiode array. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002722 chemiluminescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000058 chemiluminescence detection Spectroscopy where luminesence (the emission of visible light) from molecules as a result of a chemical reaction) is detected as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002723 thermoluminescence spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002300 thermoluminescence detection Spectroscopy where thermoluminescence (visible light emitted by certain crystalline materials when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material) is detected as a function of wavelength. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002724 isomorphous replacement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000156 X-ray diffraction A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by introducing heavy atoms into isomorphous crystals. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002725 single isomorphous replacement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002724 isomorphous replacement A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002726 multiple isomorphous replacement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002724 isomorphous replacement A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002727 multiple isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002726 multiple isomorphous replacement A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a number of crystals of the sample substituted with different heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for each crystal. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002728 single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002725 single isomorphous replacement A method for providing phasing necessary for X-ray crystallography information by growing a crystal of the sample substituted with heavy metal atoms and analysing the X-ray data for both the original crystal and the isomorph. When the absorption edge of an atom in the crystals is close to the wavelength of the incident radiation the atom becomes an anomalous scatterer. Anomalous scattering can be used for phase determination and also for determining the absolute configuration. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002729 paper spray mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000482 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Spectrometry where the sample spotted onto paper then solvent is applied and an electrically charged solvent is generated upon application of a high voltage. The ions are then characterised by their mass-to-charge ratio and relative abundance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002730 chemical cytometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000061 flow cytometry A method for analysing cells suspended in a stream of fluid. Cells are loaded with fluorescent substrates (reporters) followed by laser-based lysis of a single cell and loading of its contents into an overlying capillary where chemical separation is accomplished via capillary electrophoresis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002731 oxidation–reduction titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001211 titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002732 electron paramagnetic resonance monitored oxidation–reduction titration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002731 oxidation–reduction titration The process of determining the quantity of a sample by monitoring a redox process until the endpoint, at which essentially all of the sample has reacted, is reached. The titration is followed by monitoring the amplitude of an EPR signal (the response of an atom with an unpaired electron to a perturbing magnetic field) from one of the reactants. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002733 paramagnetic signals enhancement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001806 nuclear magnetic resonance method A method for NMR spectra acquisition of paramagnetic proteins, based on the use of homonuclear broadband decoupling of the diamagnetic region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002734 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy-correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001073 homonuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). These signals are then correlated with those protons to which they are J-coupled (usually \leq 3 bonds apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002735 correlation spectroscopy-nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001073 homonuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment in which a second frequency dimension is employed to disperse the signals and reveal correlations between nuclei which are J-coupled (usually \leq 3 bonds apart). These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002736 total correlation spectroscopy-nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001073 homonuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of homonuclear three-dimensional NMR experiment spectroscopy which reveals correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002737 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy-total correlation spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001073 homonuclear three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy which reveal correlations between all nuclei of a spin-system. These signals are then correlated to nuclei that are spatially proximate within the molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002738 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy with paramagnetic signals enhancement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000607 nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy A type of homonuclear NMR spectroscopy based on the nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in which correlations are seen between nuclei that are spatially proximate within a molecule (\leq 6 \AA apart). Spectra recorded with suppression of the diamagnetic window by the PASE pulse sequence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002739 quantitative determination method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay A measurement method which obtains the concentration or quantity of a specified substance in an analyte. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002740 analyte role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role The role inhering in that portion of a sample which is measured by an experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002741 eluent function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function A function which is realized as elution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002742 elution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction A process wherein one material is extracted from another by interaction with a solvent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002743 matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material Those components of a sample that are not measured by an experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002744 matrix role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role The role inhering in that portion of a sample which is not measured by an experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002745 experimental sample function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function The function inhering in a portion of material that is the subject of an experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002746 experimental sample http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material A portion of material that is the subject of an experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002747 determination of copper http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002739 quantitative determination method A quantitative determination method where the analyte is copper. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002749 retention index http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output An experimental method output that consists of a number relating the adjusted retention volume or retention factor of the sample component to the adjusted retention volumes or retention factors of standards eluted before and after the peak of the sample component. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002750 ion source temperature setting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000140 setting datum The operating temperature to which an ion source is set. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002751 carrier gas flow rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000140 setting datum The volume of carrier gas passing through a chromatography column in unit time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002752 chromatography column length http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002761 equipment specification datum The length specified for a chromatography column. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002753 chromatography column inner diameter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002761 equipment specification datum The inner diameter specified for a chromatography column. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002754 chromatography temperature program http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000104 plan specification The plan specification for the temperatures in different places and times in a chromatography experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002755 two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001997 multi-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography High performance liquid chromatography where initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eleuent from this column are into a secondary column. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002756 cell membrane chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001006 affinity chromatography Affinity chromatography where a cell membrane has been immobilized on a silica carrier. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002757 methoxyamination derivatisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001485 derivatisation Derivatisation of a metabolite by addition of pyridinic methoxyamine to stabilise carbonyl moieties. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002758 trimethylsilyl derivatisation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001485 derivatisation Derivatisation of a metabolite by addition of a trimethylsilyl reagent to protect functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxylic acid, thio and amine groups. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002759 water:chloroform 2:1 extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001598 solvent extraction Extraction of plant metabolites using a 2:1 v/v mixture of water and chloroform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002760 water:methanol:chloroform 1:3:1 extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001598 solvent extraction Extraction of plant metabolites using a 1:3:1 v/v mixture of water, methanol and chloroform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002761 equipment specification datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item A data item that describes a non-adjustable specification of a piece of equipment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002762 negative mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000476 positive ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with negative ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002763 positive mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000475 negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry where the sample is ionized by interaction with positive ions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002764 APCI+ MS spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000807 chemical ionisation mass spectrum A mass spectrum obtained from positive mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002765 APCI- MS spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000807 chemical ionisation mass spectrum A mass spectrum obtained from negative mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002766 heteronuclear correlation spectrum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000835 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum A spectrum obtained from a heteronuclear correlation experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002767 C18 column http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000976 high-performance liquid chromatography column A chromatography column where the stationary phase is an octadecyl-bonded silica. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002768 gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer transfer line http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus connecting a gas chromatograph to a mass spectrometer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002769 gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer transfer line temperature setting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000140 setting datum The specified temperature for a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer transfer line. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002770 sample heating http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A sample preparation step involving the increase in temperature of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002771 concentrating http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A preparative step where the concentration of one component is increased. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002772 degassing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A preparative step involving the removal of dissolved gases from a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002773 dissolving http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001685 mixing A mixing step where a soluble component is mixed with a liquid component. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002774 stirring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001685 mixing Mixing involving the agitation of a solution through circular motion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002775 magnetic stirring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002774 stirring Stirring achieved by rotating a magnetic stir bar in a solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002777 Kugelrohr condenser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A short-path vacuum distillation apparatus consisting of an electric heater and two or more glass bulbs. The compound to be distilled is placed in the last bulb. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002778 copper K-alpha source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001138 X-ray source An X-ray source where copper atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002779 molybdenum K-alpha source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001138 X-ray source An X-ray source where molybdenum atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002780 cobalt K-alpha source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001138 X-ray source An X-ray source where cobalt atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002781 aluminium K-alpha source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001138 X-ray source An X-ray source where aluminium atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002782 silica gel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000985 solid stationary phase Vitreous silica in granular form for experimental purposes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002783 laboratory atmosphere http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002743 matrix A gaseous environment in which an experiment takes place. This may be unreactive in order to prevent unintended reactions or reactive (for example gaseous hydrogen) to promote reactions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002784 argon atmosphere http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002783 laboratory atmosphere A laboratory atmosphere consisting of argon. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002785 nitrogen atmosphere http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002783 laboratory atmosphere A laboratory atmosphere consisting of gaseous diatomic nitrogen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002786 filter cake http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material The material left behind in the filter as a result of filtration. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002787 syringe pump http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A syringe which has the function of pumping material into an experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002788 hydrogen atmosphere http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002783 laboratory atmosphere A laboratory atmosphere consisting of gaseous diatomic hydrogen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002789 hydrogenator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus for carrying out hydrogenation reactions, usually under high pressure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002790 fragmentor voltage http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000140 setting datum A setting datum that specifies the potential difference in a mass spectrometer where labile ions may dissociate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002791 skimmer voltage http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000140 setting datum A setting datum that specifies the potential difference across a skimmer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002792 capillary voltage http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000140 setting datum A setting datum that specifies the potential difference across the tip of the capillary in electrospray ionisation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that is used to measure a physical quantity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002794 chemosensor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor A sensor that recognises the analyte under study by interaction with a given chemical motif. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002795 biosensor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002794 chemosensor A sensor that recognises the analyte under study by interaction with a given biological system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002796 dosimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay Measurement of the dose of a substance taken up by an object. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002797 dosimeter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002793 sensor A sensor that is used to measure the dose of a substance taken by up an object. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002798 chemodosimetry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002796 dosimetry Measurement of the dose of ions or small molecules taken up by an object. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002799 chemodosimeter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002797 dosimeter A sensor that is used to measure the dose of ions or small molecules taken by up an object. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002800 muffle furnace http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A device for heating substances to high temperatures where the material is kept separate from the fuel. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002801 limit of detection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002803 figure of merit The smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002802 limit of quantification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002803 figure of merit The smallest measure that can be quantified with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002803 figure of merit http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output A data item that describes a non-adjustable specification of a method. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002804 blank value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002751 carrier gas flow rate An experimental method output originating from the matrix, reagents and any residual bias in the measurement device or process, which contributes to the value obtained for the quantity in the analytical procedure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002805 working range http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002803 figure of merit The range of measures which can be quantified with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002806 microextraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001577 extraction The transfer of a microlitre amount of solute from a liquid phase to another immiscible or partially-miscible liquid phase in contact with it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002807 linear range http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002805 working range The working range over which the response is linearly proportional to the measure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002808 gas chromatography oven http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002809 piece of heating apparatus A piece of heating apparatus used to convert the sample into a gaseous mobile phase. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002809 piece of heating apparatus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that is used to raise the temperature of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002810 flame ionisation detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A piece of apparatus that consists of an oven, and apparatus to mix carrier gas containing the sample with hydrogen and air, then ignite it and collect the resulting positively-charged radicals at a cathode. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002811 magnesium K-alpha source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001138 X-ray source An X-ray source where magnesium atoms emit X-rays through a 1s from 2p transition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002812 glass-like carbon electrode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002592 carbon electrode An electrode consisting of agranular non-graphitizable carbon with high isotropy and low permeability for liquids and gases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002813 in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000645 diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy of a sample that is carried out in the environment where the sample might be used. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002814 measurement of concentration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay A measurement method that determines the concentration of a constituent in some solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002815 solubility http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002820 concentration The concentration of a solute in a saturated solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002816 measurement of solubility in water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002814 measurement of concentration Measurement of concentration of a solute in water. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002817 optical activity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000016 disposition The disposition of a sample to rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of transmitted plane-polarized light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002818 angle of optical rotation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output An experimental method output that consists of the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated clockwise, as seen when facing the light source, in passing through an optically active medium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002819 temperature-programmed absorption http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002770 sample heating A sample preparation method where a sample is heated slowly in a gas. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002820 concentration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output Experimental method output expressing the contribution of one constituent to the composition of a mixture. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002821 mass concentration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002820 concentration Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002822 amount concentration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002820 concentration Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002823 volume concentration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002820 concentration Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the volume of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002824 number concentration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002820 concentration Experimental method output expressing a concentration in terms of the number of entities of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002825 solubility in water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002815 solubility The concentration of a solute in a saturated solution of water and the solute. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002827 weighing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay Determination of the mass of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002828 experimental planning process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process A process that contributes to producing a plan for an experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002829 storage in dimethyl sulfoxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302893 storage Storage of a sample that has been dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002830 experimental plan revision http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002828 experimental planning process An experimental planning process in which a plan specification is modified, resulting in a new plan specification. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002831 material acquisition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A planned process in which materials for an experiment are acquired from an external supplier. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002832 material disposal http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002845 waste management A planned process in which materials are removed permanently from the laboratory or repository. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002833 experimental plan creation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002828 experimental planning process An experimental planning process in which a plan specification is created de novo. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002834 polymerisation propagation rate coefficient determination http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay An assay to determine the propagation rate coefficient of a polymerisation process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002836 Stöber process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A material processing process that produces monodisperse particles of silica by adding tetraethyl silicate to an excess of water containing a low-molar-mass alcohol and stirring. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002837 nanoparticle synthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002838 nanostructure synthesis A material processing process that is intended to produce nanoparticles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002838 nanostructure synthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A material processing process that is intended to produce nanostructures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002839 planned process setup http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A planned process involving setting up the equipment for another planned process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002840 planned process startup http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process Part of a planned process where the equipment has been set up and human intervention is required to set the subprocesses going. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002841 planned process adjustment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process A process that involves adjusting a planned process in some respect. This may either be to adjust a parameter not fully specified in the plan or to adjust a parameter that was already specified in the plan. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002842 stopped process adjustment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002841 planned process adjustment A planned process adjustment that takes place when the subprocesses of the planned process have been suspended. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002843 ongoing process adjustment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002841 planned process adjustment A planned process adjustment that takes place while at least one subprocess is taking place. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002844 hazard reduction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002830 experimental plan revision An experimental plan revision that involves creating a new experimental plan that has a lessened hazard compared to its predecessor. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002845 waste management http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A planned process that involves all aspects of dealing with the waste produced in experiments. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002846 autoclaving http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A material processing step that involves heating apparatus in an autoclave. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002847 limit of linearity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002803 figure of merit The largest measure at which the sensitivity of the detector is constant to within a specified variation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002848 dynamic range http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002805 working range The working range over which an incremental change in concentration or mass flow rate produces an incremental change in response. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002849 repeatability standard deviation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002803 figure of merit The standard deviation of independent measurements obtained with the same method on identical test material under the same conditions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002850 reproducibility standard deviation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002803 figure of merit The standard deviation of independent measurements obtained with the same method on identical test material under different conditions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002851 spiked sample http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002746 experimental sample An experimental sample that is produced by spiking test material that is essentially free of a given analyte. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002852 spiking http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing A material processing step that involves taking a test material with an adequately low background level of the intended analyte and mixing it with a known amount of analyte. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002853 fraction extracted http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output The fraction of the total quantity of a substance extracted in a separation experiment under specified conditions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002854 sample throughput http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002803 figure of merit The quantity of gas, in pressure-volume units, at a specified temperature, flowing per unit time across a specified open cross section. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002855 percentage yield http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output The mass of the product of a synthesis expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maxiμm mass given the masses of the reactants. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002856 enantiomer excess http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output The absolute value of the mole fraction for one enantiomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other enantiomer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002857 percentage enantiomer excess http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output The absolute value of the mole fraction for one enantiomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other enantiomer multiplied by 100%. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002858 diastereomeric ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output The ratio of the percentage of one diastereomer in a mixture to that of the other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002859 enantiomeric ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output The ratio of the percentage of one enantiomer in a mixture to that of the other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002860 diastereomeric excess http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output The absolute value of the mole fraction for one diastereomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002861 percentage diastereomeric excess http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output The absolute value of the mole fraction for one diastereomer in a mixture minus the mole fraction for the other multiplied by 100%. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002879 certified reference material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002913 reference material A reference material that has been certified by an appropriate authority. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002880 minicolumn http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000997 chromatography column A chromatography column that is small enough to use in a 96-plate microarray. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002884 anisotropic nucleus-nucleus interaction line broadening minimization objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000005 objective specification An objective to minimize line broadening in solid state NMR that is caused by anisotropic interactions between nuclei. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002885 slotted disc http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A disc with a slot in it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002886 two-dimensional gas chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002003 two-dimensional column chromatography Chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas, initial separation proceeds in a primary column and parts of the eluent from this column are directed into a secondary column. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002888 imμnoaffinity microextraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002806 microextraction Microextraction using an antibody where the specificity is related to the specificity of the antibody to the compound of interest. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002889 imμnoaffinity chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001006 affinity chromatography Affinity chromatography where the separation is caused by differing antibody-ligand interactions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002892 excitation laser function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function Function of a laser realized by it exciting some internal state of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002893 probe laser function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function Function of a laser realized by its interactions with internal state of a sample being measured. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002894 excitation laser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400064 laser A laser that has the function of exciting some internal state of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002895 probe laser http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400064 laser A laser that has the function of probing some internal state of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002896 magnetron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A device that uses electrical and magnetic fields to generate heat. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002897 polarimeter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A device that measures the angle of optical rotation of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002898 polarimetry of sample dissolved in chloroform http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000779 polarimetry Polarimetry of a sample that has been dissolved in chloroform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002899 polarimetry of sample dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000779 polarimetry Polarimetry of a sample that has been dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002900 angle of optical rotation in chloroform http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002818 angle of optical rotation Angle of optical rotation of a substance that has been obtained with it dissolved in chloroform. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002901 angle of optical rotation in dimethyl sulfoxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002818 angle of optical rotation Angle of optical rotation of a substance that has been obtained with it dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002902 Faraday efficiency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output A measure of the efficiency by which charge is transferred in a chemical reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002903 cycling stability http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output A measure of how the discharge capacity of a battery is maintained over a given number of cycles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002905 CTAB-assisted hydrothermal synthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001377 hydrothermal synthesis Hydrothermal synthesis that uses cetyltrimethylammonium bromide to guide the morphology of the product. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002906 microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001377 hydrothermal synthesis Hydrothermal synthesis that makes use of microwave radiation to affect the course of reaction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002907 temperature-programmed oxidation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis Thermal analysis of a system where the consumption of dioxygen in moles per second per gram of material is measured against temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002908 temperature-programmed reduction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000681 thermal analysis Thermal analysis of a system where the consumption of reducing agent in moles per second per gram of material is measured against temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002909 temperature-programmed oxidation profile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of the consumption of dioxygen in moles per second per gram of material against temperature obtained from a temperature-programmed oxidation experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002910 temperature-programmed reduction profile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000800 spectrum A plot of the consumption of a reducing agent in moles per second per gram of material against temperature obtained from a temperature-programmed reduction experiment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002911 magic angle spinning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process Spinning a sample very rapidly at the magic angle (54.74 deg with respect to the direction of the magnetic field) in order to average anisotropic interactions between nuclei, which are usually averaged by Brownian motion in liquid samples, to zero. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002912 figure-of-merit determination http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay An assay that determines a figure of merit for a given technique, analyte and matrix. This will consist of multiple assays of a reference material. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002913 reference material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material A substance or mixture of substances, the composition of which is known within specified limits, and one or more of the properties of which is sufficiently well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measuring method or for assigning values to materials. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002914 absorption of material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process The process of one material (absorbate) being retained by another (absorption). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002915 absorption of radiation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process A phenomenon in which radiation transfers to matter which it traverses some or all of its energy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010001 protective equipment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material Equipment that is used in a laboratory context to prevent or mitigate adverse laboratory events. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010004 emergency response equipment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material Equipment that is used in a laboratory context to mitigate adverse laboratory events. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010009 adverse laboratory event http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process An event that takes place in a laboratory that may unintentionally harm an organism or piece of apparatus. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010010 laboratory uncontrolled explosion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010009 adverse laboratory event An explosion that takes place in a laboratory and is not controlled by the experimenter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010011 personal protective equipment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010001 protective equipment Laboratory safety equipment that prevents or mitigates adverse laboratory events happening to an experimenter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010012 nitrile gloves http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010003 protective clothing Gloves consisting of a nitrile polymer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010013 penetration of personal protective equipment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010009 adverse laboratory event An event where a poisonous substance penetrates personal protective equipment, endangering the experimenter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010014 laboratory safety function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function The function ascribed to laboratory equipment to prevent or mitigate adverse laboratory events. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010015 blast screen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010001 protective equipment A screen that blocks debris from an explosion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010018 inhalation of poisonous fumes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010009 adverse laboratory event An adverse laboratory event where an experimenter inhales poisonous fumes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010019 evolution of poisonous fumes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010009 adverse laboratory event An adverse laboratory event where a reacting species gives off a gas poisonous to the experimenter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010020 fume hood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010001 protective equipment A hood in which to conduct experiments that give off poisonous fumes that vents them to a non-enclosed environment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010022 injury by flying debris http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010009 adverse laboratory event An adverse laboratory event in which an organism comes into contact with the debris from an explosion at high speed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MS_1000073 electrospray ionization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A process in which ionized species in the gas phase are produced from an analyte-containing solution via highly charged fine droplets, by means of spraying the solution from a narrow-bore needle tip at atmospheric pressure in the presence of a high electric field. When a pressurized gas is used to aid in the formation of a stable spray, the term pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization is used. The term ion spray is not recommended. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBCS_0000058 sensitivity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002803 figure of merit A data item that measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified as such (e.g. the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBCS_0000059 specificity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002803 figure of merit A data item that refers to the proportion of negatives in a binary classification test which are correctly identified. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825 gold nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803 nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418 graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28262 dimethyl sulfoxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28694 copper atom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35255 chloroform http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36940 fluorine-19 atom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50795 nanostructure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23377 copper molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027 polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33819 oxygen-17 atom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46729 vitreous silica http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52230 tin-119 atom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52455 lead-207 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52456 vanadium-51 atom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52458 lithium-7 atom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52462 tungsten-183 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36928 carbon-13 atom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803 nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50795 nanostructure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50796 nanotube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50795 nanostructure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594 carbon nanotube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50796 nanotube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000020 specifically dependent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000002 continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000031 generically dependent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000002 continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000004 independent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000016 disposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000017 realizable_entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000017 realizable_entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000017 realizable_entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000017 realizable_entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000020 specifically dependent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000019 quality http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000020 specifically dependent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000031 generically dependent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000140 setting datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033 directive information entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000005 objective specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033 directive information entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000104 plan specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033 directive information entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010002 material handling technique http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002864 QuEChERS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002891 flow-injection analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002776 stir bar http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002826 Dean-Stark apparatus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000709 resonance light scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000166 light scattering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002862 gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000575 tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002867 selected reaction monitoring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000575 tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002876 high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000575 tandem mass spectrometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002904 specific discharge capacity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000793 assay output http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002873 plasma microtorch http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000956 inductively coupled plasma torch http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004 mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0000993 portion of material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002874 ion chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002890 sequential injection chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001000 chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002882 high-performance thin-layer chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001007 thin-layer chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002863 dispersive solid phase extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001583 liquid-solid extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002887 dispersive solid-phase microextraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001586 solid-phase micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002871 dispersive liquid-phase microextraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001602 liquid-phase micro-extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002881 passive sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001768 trapping method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002866 evaporative light scattering detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002244 detector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002865 vertical scanning interferometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002433 interferometry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002835 determination of nitrosamines http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002739 quantitative determination method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002877 gradient elution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002742 elution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002878 isocratic elution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002742 elution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010000 risk management planning process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002828 experimental planning process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002868 consecutive reaction monitoring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002867 selected reaction monitoring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002869 multiple reaction monitoring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002867 selected reaction monitoring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002870 parallel reaction monitoring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002867 selected reaction monitoring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002872 ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-phase microextraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002871 dispersive liquid-phase microextraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002875 two-dimensional ion chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002874 ion chromatography http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010023 hazard analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010000 risk management planning process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010024 risk assessment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010000 risk management planning process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010025 control banding http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010000 risk management planning process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010005 eye wash station http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010004 emergency response equipment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010006 emergency shower http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010004 emergency response equipment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010007 fire blanket http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010004 emergency response equipment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010008 fire extinguisher http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010004 emergency response equipment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010003 protective clothing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010011 personal protective equipment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001048 obsolete: separation method-measurement method A method in which a separation method is coupled to a measurement method in order to perform measurements upon different components of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001134 obsolete: sample preparation method-measurement method A method in which a sample preparation method is coupled to a measurement method. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001721 obsolete: fluorescence detection for separation methods A detection method which is sensitive to naturally fluorescent or tagged compounds. As the sample passes through a small cell it is excited by ultraviolet light and any fluorescence is detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001735 obsolete: separation method-detection method An experiment in which a separation method is coupled to a detection method in order to detect one or more different components of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001792 obsolete: sample transformation method-detection method A method consisting of a sample transformation method coupled to a detection method. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001793 obsolete: sample transformation method-measurement method A method consisting of a sample transformation method coupled to a measurement method. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002002 obsolete: two-dimensional separation method-detection method An experiment in which a two-dimensional separation method is coupled to a detection method in order to detect one or more different components of a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002038 obsolete: two-dimensional separation method-measurement method A method in which a two-dimensional separation method is coupled to a measurement method. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000002 continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000140 continuant fiat boundary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000069 ceases to exist during http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000056 participates in at some time http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000312 is_specified_output_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000056 participates in at some time http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000068 begins to exist during http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000056 participates in at some time http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000299 has_specified_output http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000057 has participant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002883 has matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000057 has participant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000293 has_specified_input http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000057 has participant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002748 has analyte http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000057 has participant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000417 achieves_planned_objective This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002411 causally upstream of p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0002922 probes_atom A process p probes_atom n if it has_participant n and its objective o is to determine the energy levels of n. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000056 participates in at some time http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000057 has participant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000054 realized in http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is_about http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000052 inheres_in http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000087 has role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000085 has function at some time http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000110 has continuant part at all times http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000118 has proper occurrent part http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000137 proper part of continuant at all times http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000174 has proper continuant part at some time http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000175 proper part of continuant at some time http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000178 has continuant part at some time http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010016 prevents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0010017 mitigates